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Les Asiatiques veulent investir en masse en Algérie: A l’assaut d’un marché en or - Algerie360
Contrairement aux Européens, les Asiatiques veulent être la force tranquille dans l’investissement en Algérie. Pour eux, tous les domaines sont importants, et ils souhaitent établir des partenariats d’investissements durables pour sortir de l’ornière des échanges commerciaux. Aucune barrière ne leur résiste et ils savent s’adapter aux réalités des pays grâce à la progression de leurs chiffres d’affaires dans le continent africain.
Toutefois, les Chinois, les Sud-Coréens, les Japonais et les Indiens préfèrent la destination algérienne. L es investissements asiatiques en Algérie sont en perpétuelle hausse. Une tendance inscrite depuis les années 2000 avec une concentration dans des secteurs comme le bâtiment, les infrastructures et la construction qui concurrencent ainsi les grands groupes européens.
D’abord, les Chinois et les Japonais ont attendu longtemps pour investir mais ils n’ont jamais été absents étant donné qu’ils avaient noué les premiers contacts dès l’indépendance. Aujourd’hui, l’Algérie est devenue la deuxième destination préférée sur le continent africain après le Nigeria, selon une enquête de la fondation Heritage, un think tank américain, dans une enquête sur ce sujet.
L’enquête révèle que «les travaux publics, le bâtiment, le tourisme, les hydrocarbures, la pétrochimie, l’hydraulique, la téléphonie sont les secteurs où les Chinois sont absolument partout en Algérie. Le chiffre clé est celui du montant global des investissements chinois.
Ces derniers ont investi depuis 2005 plus de 10,5 milliards de dollars, dont 8,8 milliards dans les transports et 1,3 milliard dans l’immobilier. Motivés par une demande abondante, les Chinois offrent un avantage dans les coûts et l’extrême dynamisme de leur maind’oeuvre, la moins coûteuse dans le monde. Et ce sans oublier les Japonais qui restent également dans la position de maître dans «le pays africain le plus apprécié». Pour le Japon, c’est surtout la technologie électronique, l’automobile et l’industrie qui dominent le portefeuille de leurs investissements.
Jusque-là, le marché était réputé «avalé» par le bloc européen et nord-américain, mais le Japon a créé une tendance fidèle sur l’approvisionnement du marché algérien en termes de produits électroniques et industriels des plus performants. Les marques japonaises font toujours fureur et déclassent parfois la tendance européenne ou américaine. Pour l’Algérie, le Japon consomme assez de pétrole et de gaz pour devenir un client traditionnel en matière d’achat d’hydrocarbures.
La balance commerciale est plutôt en équilibre du moment que la moyenne des ventes de gaz au pays du Soleil Levant varie entre 1 et 1,5 milliard de dollars annuellement, alors que le Japon exporte vers l’Algérie une moyenne de 1,2 milliard de dollars, constituée principalement de machines outils pour l’industrie et d’automobiles.
Arrive dans collimateur la Corée du Sud qui se taille actuellement une bonne place parmi ces concurrents en occupant un rang assez appréciable dans les télécoms et la construction. L’autre pays qui compte également dans ce chapelet est l’Inde. Son offensive sur le marché est certes moins marquante, mais cela ne l’empêche pas de bien lorgner dans les secteurs à forte valeur-ajoutée comme la pharmacie, l’aciérie et les produits agroalimentaires.
Autour de ce quatuor, le cercle se referme pour ne laisser aucune ambition aux autres pays de mener la bataille de l’investissement. Reste l’affrontement avec les géants de l’Union européenne qui ne se laissent pas dominer pour un marché en or.
Tous les secteurs sont importants
Contrairement aux idées reçues, les Asiatiques n’ont pas de préférence pour un secteur donné. Les Chinois l’ont à plusieurs reprises manifesté. «Il ne suffit pas de vendre mais il faut investir partout», résume un des responsables chinois d’une entreprise de construction présente en Algérie. L’autoroute Est-Ouest a été un test concluant pour accéder au grand marché infrastructurel.
Dans leur carnet d’offres, les Chinois proposent la construction de tout ouvrage réputé difficile et «hargneux» pour les autres. Comme cela était démontré avec l’hôtel Sheraton d’Oran, les chantiers AADL et la participation au projet de terminal de l’aéroport d’Alger. Rien n’est laissé au hasard. Les coûts d’abord moins onéreux permettent aux Algériens d’économiser un peu par rapport aux grosses factures exigées par les grands groupes européens. Selon Abdelatif Benachenou, il n’y a pas d’alternative à l’investissement asiatique.
Cette idée, il la résume dans son livre «Pour une meilleure croissance», où il considère qu’il y a «un potentiel considérable de coopération avec les pays d’Asie, notamment la Corée du Sud, l’Inde et la Chine. Ma conviction est que s’il y a des acteurs avec lesquels la croissance économique peut se faire, c’est bien les pays d’Asie ».
Argument ? L’ex-ministre des Finances explique que «ni les pays d’Europe, qui sont intéressés à investir beaucoup plus en Europe de l’Est et en Turquie (c’est le cas de l’Allemagne), et encore moins les pays arabes, qui disposent de capitaux mais manquent d’expertise ne peuvent égaler les Asiatiques qui disposent de capitaux et de technologies nécessaires pour une bonne coopération économique».
D’autres reconnaissent, comme le signale Abdelhak Lamiri, expert en management, que «la Chine et la Corée du Sud profitent du dynamisme que recèlent les IDE». Avec 2 000 milliards de dollars que représentent ces investissements, la Chine réalise une bonne partie de son portefeuille qui la hisse au premier investisseur dans le monde.
Pour Thierry Pairault, chercheur au CNRS, «contrairement à d’autres Etats africains, comme le Soudan par exemple, l’Algérie ne manque pas de liquidité. C’est un pays relativement riche en Afrique, qui ne procède donc pas à un échange de ses ressources contre la construction d’infrastructures». Mais pour l’Algérie, la Chine est vue comme «une solution d’urgence» pour sa croissance. Le chercheur établit ce constat.
«Quand ils viennent en Algérie, les investisseurs chinois apportent tout, y compris une main-d’oeuvre formée et pas chère. Ils n’embauchent jamais sur place.» Ainsi, près de 45 000 Chinois sont salariés d’une entreprise chinoise en Algérie. «Il s’agit de travailleurs contractuels envoyés pour un chantier spécifique. Une fois leur mission terminée, ils rentrent en Chine», conclut Thierry Pairault.
Une concurrence impitoyable pour un marché porteur
Les Asiatiques mènent une offensive tranquille sans grand tapage. Leurs ambitions sont mesurées, à la limite des moyens qu’ils déploient pour charmer les autorités. Lors d’un colloque sur les relations Maghreb-Asie, l’expert en finances Camille Sari a estimé que «les Asiatiques ne viennent pas investir dans ces pays s’ils ne présentent pas les caractéristiques d’un marché. Il faut que le marché soit important, d’où la nécessité d’une intégration régionale».
Il plaide, à cet effet, pour une intégration régionale des pays maghrébins. «Le PIB des 5 pays maghrébins totalise quelque 350 milliards d’euros, soit l’équivalent de celui de la Grèce en proie à une grave crise financière, mais largement inférieur au PIB de la Chine ou du Japon. Ce qui démontre l’incapacité de ces pays à s’imposer comme partenaire régional fiable s’ils restent éparpillés», considère M. Sari.
L’idée d’encourager les investisseurs japonais à s’implanter durablement dans le marché algérien n’est pas nouvelle. Le responsable de la diplomatie japonaise l’a signifié dernièrement. En effet, Tsukasa Kawada a annoncé la mise en place en 2013 d’un forum qui regroupera les chefs d’entreprises japonais et leurs homologues algériens en vue de se pencher sur les opportunités de lancement de projets de partenariat.
La communauté des ressortissants japonais constituée de 600 personnes ne se plaint pas. Pour l’ambassadeur du Japon, «il y a en outre près de 600 Algériens établis au Japon». Le Japon privilégie le domaine du tourisme en Algérie, où les Japonais ne rencontrent aucun inconvénient dans leurs séjours en Algérie.
Le cas de la Chine reste cependant exceptionnel du fait du nombre assez impressionnant d’expatriés chinois en Algérie et qui ne cesse d’augmenter. Les hommes d’affaires chinois multiplient les initiatives en acceptant les conditions exigées par les autorités algériennes sans hargne ni critiques. Aidé par un échange dense le hissant avec près de 5 milliards de dollars, l’axe Chine-Algérie reste prospère.
La nouveauté chez les Chinois est d’investir d’avantage sur la logistique du transport afin de résorber les coûts à l’investissement, estime un des économistes algériens. Un autre profil se dessine chez les investisseurs chinois. Les provinces les plus prospères, à l’instar du Taipei et Shanghai, veulent s’attaquer au marché algérien en souhaitant réaliser des plates-formes d’industries ou des zones de libre-échange. Pour l’heure, ces propositions sont l’étude.
Comme celle de l’initiative du partenariat assez exceptionnel que voudrait établir la Corée du Sud en Algérie. Son capital reste dans la ressource humaine particulièrement qualifiée dans l’innovation industrielle. «Tout ce qui se réalise en Corée du Sud peut se réaliser en Algérie», a plaidé l’un des membres du forum. La recherche et développement dans l’industrie de l’électroménager et les télécoms sont les deux points forts de l’investissement sud-coréen en Algérie. De même que les Indiens veulent se propulser dans l’industrie pharmaceutique, où ils sont particulièrement incisifs.
Pour Ahmed Aït Ramdane, chef de division au ministère de l’Industrie, «aujourd’hui, il est question pour nous de passer à un autre niveau dans nos relations économiques, sortir du cadre des échanges commerciaux et nouer des partenariats». Le médicament et le bâtiment sont les domaines qui intéressent les deux pays