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Kamal Kheffache (Expert) : "Le recours à la planche à billet fait courir un risque de scénario vénézuélien en Algérie" - Algerie360
Recourir au financement non-conventionnel pour éviter l’endettement extérieur, c’est l’idée «nouvelle » vendue aux Algériens. L’économiste Kamal Kheffache souligne qu’il s’agit d’un recours à la planche à billet qui fait peser un risque d’une spirale inflationniste incontrôlable semblable à celle du Venezuela.
Le régime des licences d’importation est entré en vigueur en décembre 2015. L’objectif de sa mise en place est de limiter les importations. Ouyahia semble l’avoir supprimé avant de se ressaisir pour annoncer que c’est l’octroi des licences qui n’est plus désormais soumis à l’accord du Premier Ministre et que c’est le ministère du Commerce qui les délivre. Pourquoi le Gouvernement applique une mesure administrative pour gérer une situation économique ?
Avant de répondre à votre question, je rappelle ce que c’est la notion de licences d’importation. Selon les règles de l’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC), les licences d’importation peuvent être définies comme étant des procédures administratives qui exigent, comme condition préalable à l’importation de marchandises, la présentation à l’organe administratif compétent une demande ou d’autres documents (distincts des documents requis aux fins douanières). On distingue deux types de licences d’importation : Les licences d’importation automatiques et les licences d’importation non automatiques.
On entend par licences d’importation automatiques, les licences accordées suite à la présentation d’une demande et qui ne sont pas administrées de façon à exercer des effets de restriction sur les importations et sont ouvertes à toute personne physique ou morale qui remplit les conditions légales et réglementaires exigées.
Par contre, les licences d’importation non automatiques exercent, sur le commerce d’importation, des effets de restriction ou de distorsion s’ajoutant à ceux causés par l’introduction de la restriction.
En raison de la chute drastique des prix du pétrole, entamée depuis le mois de Juin 2014, notre gouvernement a décidé d’instaurer des licences d’importation pour un certain nombre de biens et services afin de limiter les transferts de devises.
Pour ce faire, il a procédé à la modification de l’ordonnance 03-04 du 19 juillet 2003, relative aux règles générales applicables aux opérations d’importation et d’exportation de marchandises, par le décret exécutif n° 15-306 du 6 décembre 2015 fixant les conditions et les modalités d’application des régimes de licence d’importation ou d’exportation de produits et marchandises.
Ainsi, le régime des licences d’importation est entré en vigueur en décembre 2015. En juin dernier, le gouvernement a amendé le décret exécutif n° 15-306 du 6 décembre 2015 par le décret 17-202 du 22 juin 2017 en apportant un changement concernant le mode de délivrance de ces licences, en ajoutant la condition suivante : toute décision du ministère du Commerce relative à l’octroi d’une licence doit être validée par le Premier ministre.
Et récemment encore, le nouveau gouvernement vient de modifier et compléter le décret 17-202 du 22 juin 2017 par le décret exécutif 17-245 du 22 août 2017 en apportant un changement concernant certains aspects réglementaires. En effet, cette mesure concerne trois points principaux, à savoir : la commission qui a été présidée par le secrétaire général du ministère du Commerce sera présidée par un cadre tiers du même ministère ; la validation des licences d’importation se fera auprès du cabinet du Premier ministre et, enfin, les importateurs possédant auparavant une licence d’importation, peuvent se passer dudit décret dans le cas où ils diversifient leurs importations.
L’objectif de la mise en place du régime de licences d’importation vise la réduction de la facture des importations et la redynamisation de la production nationale et leur obtention est tributaire du seul ministère du Commerce, comme c’était le cas entre janvier 2016 et juin 2017.
Il est vrai que notre pays, comme tous les pays du monde, a déjà depuis des années entamé des réformes pour la libéralisation de son commerce extérieur et son intégration à l’économie mondiale. Néanmoins, il peut recourir à ce type de mesures pour gérer la situation économique actuelle dans le but de réduire la facture des importations et redynamiser la production nationale, mais celles-ci doivent être limitées dans le temps et abrogées dés que les raisons qui ont motivé leur mise en œuvre auront disparus.
L’expert Kamal Kheffache: »le recours au financement non-conventionnel nécessite au préalable une réflexion approfondie » (dr)
Qu’est-ce que le Gouvernement doit faire pour restaurer les équilibres budgétaires du pays qui s’affaissent de plus en plus depuis le début de la dégringolade des prix du pétrole ?
Comme pour tous les pays producteurs de pétrole, la chute drastique du prix du baril entamée depuis le mois de Juin 2014 a posé de gros problèmes budgétaires pour notre pays. L’équilibre budgétaire dépend essentiellement des fluctuations des prix mondiaux de cette matière première.
L’embellie financière qui avait commencé dès l’année 2000 a contribué à la restauration des équilibres économiques et sociaux du pays. Ce qui a permis à l’État d’arriver à stabiliser les équilibres budgétaires et de reprendre beaucoup d’initiatives en termes aussi bien de redistribution de la richesse que de modernisation des grandes infrastructures publiques du pays.
Mais, depuis Juin 2014, force est de constater que cette capacité d’initiative s’est transformée chemin faisant en un emballement des dépenses budgétaires difficiles à contenir. Pour restaurer les équilibres budgétaires, il faut accélérer le lancement des réformes nécessaires pour la mise en œuvre de son nouveau modèle économique afin de réduire sa dépendance du secteur énergétique et de la dépense publique et encourager le secteur privé en améliorant le climat des affaires, simplifiant les procédures administratives, facilitant l’acte d’investir, de créer et de gérer une entreprise et accéder aux financements, notamment pour les PME.
Il faut aussi mettre en place des dispositifs nécessaires pour améliorer la gouvernance des entreprises et les conditions de concurrence, de s’ouvrir plus sur l’investissement étranger et de développer un système d’éducation et de formation professionnelle de base et continu qui répond aux besoins des entreprises.
Certes des efforts importants ont été déployés par les pouvoirs publics pour faire face à la situation, mais il convient de les redoubler. Les défis peuvent être relevés grâce aux atouts que possède notre pays mais pour diversifier l’économie, une réelle volonté politique est nécessaire.
Pour financer l’économie, le Président exclut tout recours à l’endettement extérieur et recommande, dans son dernier message, aux moyens de financement non conventionnels. La planche à billet est préférable à l’endettement extérieur ?
En constatant que la crise des prix du brut du pétrole risque de s’installer dans la durée, le gouvernement algérien, lors du conseil des ministres tenu le 14 juin 2017, a adopté un plan d’actions. A cet effet, pour les besoins de financement futurs de l’économie, il a été retenu d’exclure tout recours à l’endettement extérieur et d’utiliser les moyens de financement non conventionnels.
Pour rappel, le mode de financement non conventionnel est une théorie néo-keynésienne qui anticipe sur l’accroissement de la demande à terme (investissement et consommation) mais il accélère le processus inflationniste en cas de rigidités structurelles et de non dynamisation du tissu productif.
Le financement non-conventionnel est généralement utilisé dans une économie de marché structurée ayant un potentiel de création de valeur ajoutée envisageable dans le cas d’entreprises en croissance ou d’entreprises en restructuration, ou lorsque le financement traditionnel ne permet pas à l’entreprise de se développer, ou encore lorsque le financement n’est simplement pas disponible.
En Algérie, la notion de financement non-conventionnel est tout à fait nouvelle. Elle n’a jamais été utilisée auparavant mais c’est un mode de financement qui existe ailleurs. Elle est notamment utilisée par la Banque centrale européenne (BCE). Elle consiste en la mise en place de taux négatifs et les rachats d’actifs détenus par les banques commerciales auprès des Etats. Autrement dit, la BCE injecte des liquidités en actionnant la planche à billets pour relancer la machine économique.
Pour le cas de notre pays, le recours au financement non-conventionnel nécessite au préalable une réflexion approfondie. Le recours à la planche à billets au lieu de l’endettement extérieur est un mode de financement qui pourrait entrainer un processus inflationniste difficile à contrôler comme c’est le cas du Venezuela. Un pays qui est au bord de la faillite, et ce, malgré qu’il possède la plus grande réserve mondiale de pétrole.
Il y a donc urgence de poser les véritables problèmes, à savoir l’approfondissement de la réforme globale pour un véritable développement hors hydrocarbures et le passage d’une économie de rente pétrolière à une économie diversifiée.
Enfin, pour faire face à l’enjeu d’assurer ses équilibres financiers et de diversifier ses sources de revenu, largement dominées par les recettes d’exportation des hydrocarbures dans un contexte marqué par la baisse des prix du pétrole, les pouvoirs publics doivent accélérer ses réformes internes et modifier le régime de croissance pour atteindre une croissance durable hors hydrocarbures créatrice d’emplois à valeur ajoutée.
Les subventions coûtent à l’Etat plus de 27 milliards de dollars annuellement. Le ministre des finances assure que la loi des Finance 2018 ne remettra pas en cause les acquis sociaux et ne touchera pas à la politique nationale de solidarité, ce qui veut dire que le système des subventions ne sera pas touché. L’Algérie peut-elle continuer à se permettre le luxe d’être « généreuse » envers une population « non productive » alors qu’elle fait face à une crise financière aigue ?
Comme nous le savons tous, en Algérie, les subventions sociales représentent le tiers du budget de l’Etat. En effet, ellescoûtent à l’Etat plus de 27 milliards de dollars annuellement. Depuis des années, ces subventions profitent énormément aux riches. A titre d’exemple, celui qui perçoit une rémunération mensuelle de 500 000 DA en bénéficie au même titre que celui qui touche 18 000 DA.
Les pouvoirs publics doivent s’inspirer de l’exemple d’autres pays à l’image de l’Iran qui est arrivé à éliminer plus de 5 millions de personnes riches qui bénéficiaient des mêmes aides que les plus pauvres dans la société, et ce, en révisant le fonctionnement de son système de subventions sociales. Il a opté pour des transferts monétaires directs aux ménages iraniens, ce qui lui a permis d’économiser ainsi des milliards de dollars.
Il est évident que la réduction de ces subventions, dans notre pays, est devenue une nécessité. La loi de finances de 2018 devra donc opter pour de nouveaux arbitrages budgétaires afin de permettre au pays de disposer des ressources nécessaires à son développement et de mieux maitriser les importations.
A mon avis, l’une des priorités du projet de loi de finance pour l’année 2018 est de mettre en place des subventions ciblées, profitant aux plus démunis tout en limitant le gaspillage des produits subventionnés. C’est un système de subvention qui consiste donc à cibler les ménages et les activités imposé par la conjoncture actuelle qui est caractérisée par la baisse des ressources budgétaires et qui demande une plus grande rigueur pour leur allocation. Il est évident, en cette période de crise financière aigue, que notre pays ne peut plus se permettre ce niveau de dépenses faramineux.