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FInancement de l'économie: Le sac, la "chkara" et le chèque - Algerie360
L’informel, les comportements archaïques et l’absence d’innovation financière pèsent lourdement sur léconomie algérienne.
Du plus fortuné au plus pauvre, les Algériens entretiennent un rapport méfiant et angoissé vis-à-vis de la banque et préfèrent la «chkara», le sac, au chéquier. Ils préfèrent avoir du liquide à portée de main qu’un compte en banque.
Ainsi, dans une tribune publiée récemment, l’économiste Rachid Sekak, l’ancien directeur de la dette extérieure à la Banque d’Algérie et ancien président de Hsbc Algérie avance des chiffres intéressants.
«On relève donc, écrit-il, la présence d’un guichet bancaire pour 25 660 habitants contre, par exemple, une agence pour 7437 habitants en Tunisie.» Pourtant, il existe «six grandes banques publiques, dont une caisse d’épargne (…) et 14 banques à capitaux étrangers, 10 filiales et trois succursales de banques internationales et une banque à capitaux mixtes». En revanche, aucune banque privée à capitaux algériens n’active au pays.
«La circulation fiduciaire hors banque est estimée à près de 4108 milliards de dinars à fin 2015, soit environ 30% de la masse monétaire et 25% du PIB. Cette donnée qui démontre le potentiel existant pour la collecte des ressources par les banques est aussi un bon indicateur de l’importance de l’économie informelle.» L’informel. Ce terme qui plane sur le destin de la communauté nationale comme une malédiction est un comportement archaïque qui découle de plusieurs raisons. La première trouve son origine dans la période socialiste où l’argent était considéré comme une tare à cacher plutôt qu’une force à exhiber.
Cette attitude est confortée par la tradition ancestrale qui considère l’argent, qualifié d’ailleurs par un adage connu de «saleté», comme un facteur pouvant contaminer l’âme de celui qui cherche à l’acquérir à tout prix. Elle trouve également un fondement dans la religion musulmane qui prohibe, comme chacun le sait, l’usure et condamne celui qui s’y adonne à l’enfer et la damnation. Voilà pourquoi, les emprunts bancaires sont jugés illicites et régulièrement attaqués par les prêches des imams. Le mot de crédit «halal», c’est-à-dire non accompagné de taux d’intérêt prend de l’ampleur ces dernières années. Des voix s’élèvent pour remplacer la finance traditionnelle par celle islamique. Or, au fond, il existe peu de différence entre les deux puisque le consommateur s’acquittera, d’une façon ou d’une autre, d’un intérêt quelle que soit sa dénomination.
Porte-à-faux
Dans les sociétés capitalistes, le crédit permet la création de la monnaie. A chaque fois qu’un établissement financier l’accorde, la Banque centrale émet son équivalent en valeur. Le remboursement d’une dette est en revanche une destruction de la monnaie.
Dans les systèmes capitalistes avancés, la consommation repose sur le crédit qui en est le véritable poumon. En Algérie, le crédit à la consommation, halal ou pas, est interdit. L’économie continue de puiser ses fonds dans la rente pétrolière et son financement provient quasi exclusivement des banques publiques.L’activité de la Bourse d’Alger reste infiniment marginale et le recours à l’emprunt obligataire anecdotique. L’Etat a en outre décidé de rejeter l’endettement extérieur tandis que le Fonds de régulation des recettes perd de son volume.
Tout cela pour dire que les affaires algériennes obéissent à des règles qui sont en porte-à-faux avec ce qui se fait actuellement dans le monde. On peut légitimement objecter que cette pratique a prémuni l’Algérie des effet directs de la crise des subprimes de 2007-2008. Le fait que son système bancaire soit déconnecté des places financières l’a mise à l’abri de la chute dramatique de l’assèchement des liquidités. Tandis que les gouvernements occidentaux actionnaient la planche à billets pour sauver les meubles, Alger amassait des fortunes et les plaçait dans un bas de laine en prévision d’une quelconque disette. Les réserves de change grimpaient d’année en année: 56 milliards de dollars en 2005, 78 milliards en 2006, 110 en 2007, 138 en 2008, 147 en 2009, 157 en 2010 et 188 milliards fin 2011. Trois ans plus tard, cependant, le compteur s’était mis à tourner à l’envers. Il a suffi d’une année de baisse des cours pétroliers pour que le débit tarisse puis, un peu plus tard, s’inverse.
Tour de vis
En 2017, un tour de vis draconien a fermé les vannes de l’importation et gelé le financement de plusieurs projets. Ce n’est pas encore l’économie de guerre, comme au temps de Mouloud Hamrouche et de Belaïd Abdeslam, mais disons celle du garrot pour arrêter l’hémorragie. L’Algérie demeure mono-exportatrice et omni-importatrice. Une position impossible à tenir. Tant que les recettes des hydrocarbures étaient élevées, une politique de vache à lait nourrissait la population convenablement et permettait à une caste d’importateurs d’inonder le marché avec l’essentiel et le superflu. Elle arrosait, d’autre part, un réseau d’entrepreneurs et cultivait les activités de prestige.Aujourd’hui, la machine tourne au ralenti. Un râle, quoique souterrain et en sourdine, se fait entendre un peu partout.
L’argent manque et ce qui reste du magot est lorgné par tant de regards. Les choses auraient pris une autre tournure si l’économie était plus moderne et diversifiée. L’Algérie n’arrive pas à vendre autre chose que l’énergie fossile. Ses richesses agricoles, minières et ses produits technologiques qui, certes encore embryonnaires, sont de bonne facture, mais peinent à traverser les frontières. Sur le plan financier, très peu d’innovations ont vu le jour. Or, c’est du nerf de la guerre qu’a besoin le pays pour continuer son développement.
Les banques publiques cultivent toujours une attitude étatiste, pour ne pas dire bureaucratique. Les filiales des banques étrangères soutiennent en priorité les démembrements des groupes internationaux installés en Algérie et ciblent un groupe restreint de sociétés locales.
«Seules les banques privées ayant développé un réseau, notamment Société Générale, BNP Paribas, Gulf Bank Algeria et Natixis interviennent de manière significative sur le marché de la PME et celui des professionnels» précise Rachid Sekak. Comme quoi, on ne prête qu’aux riches, comme dit le proverbe.