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Cela s’est passé un 25 octobre 1541: la défaite de Charles Quint à Alger - Algerie360
Il y a 476 ans, Charles Quint attaquait Alger en personne, à la tête d’une grande armée. L’expédition sera un désastre et l’empereur quittera El Djazaïr en grand perdant, le 25 octobre 1541.
Justifié par les guerres de prééminence religieuse entre l’islam et la chrétienté, la piraterie dite « barbaresque » (Afrique du nord), comme la piraterie chrétienne, s’intègre dans le contexte des opérations guerrières menées de part et d’autre. Durant tout le XVIe siècle, la piraterie « barbaresque » est souveraine dans toute la Méditerranée voire même au-delà du détroit de Gibraltar et jusqu’en Islande. Cette piraterie était, à ses débuts, une forme de « djihad » contre les chrétiens qui les avaient chassés d’Espagne : « Après la chute de Grenade en 1492, la Reconquista est terminée. Beaucoup de Maures refusent de vivre dans un monde chrétien et se réfugient en Afrique du Nord, base de départ de leurs ancêtres, le cœur rempli de ressentiment contre la chrétienté, avec un désir de revanche. Sur place, le peuple berbère souffre de la défaite de l’islam andalou. L’émotion berbère, attisée par les marabouts, explique la piraterie, car faute de pouvoir lever des armées à la reconquête de l’Andalousie, les navires maures vont semer la terreur et la désolation sur les côtes ibériques. » (Roland Courtinat)
La piraterie deviendra au fil des siècles «Brigandage», soutenue, voire encouragée, par les différents Deys d’Alger car source de richesses pour la Régence. Et du XV au XVII siècle, toutes les opérations punitives tentées contre la Régence d’Alger se révéleront désastreuses, principalement celle de Charles Quint en 1541, dont voici le récit selon différentes sources.
Ces terribles pirates se rendirent tellement redoutables, qu’ils avaient interrompu tout commerce dans la Méditerranée; l’Europe entière souffrait de leurs brigandages. Pour cette raison et certainement pour faire oublier de récentes défaites par quelque action d’éclat, Charles Quint décida de diriger en personne une expédition décisive contre Alger.
Après cinq années de préparatifs minutieux, « une immense armada de 65 galères et 450 bateaux de transport des troupes, avec 24 000 hommes de guerre commandés par les plus grands capitaines espagnoles, dont Cortez le conquistador du Mexique, se dirigea sur El Djazaïr. Cette armée rassemblait des forces de nombreux pays chrétiens : Espagnols, Allemands, Siciliens… Le débarquement eut lieu le 23 octobre 1541, près de l’embouchure de l’Oued Zl Harrach » (Mahfoud Keddache)
Les Musulmans voulurent les empêcher de débarquer, mais les vaisseaux tirèrent contre eux depuis la mer et ils laissèrent le champ libre aux ennemis qui purent descendre à terre. Ils passèrent la nuit près de la ville dans un endroit appelé et H’ammah.
Il y avait un des principaux Turcs, du nom d’El-Hadj Bacha qui résolut d’aller attaquer la nuit les Chrétiens. On lui ouvrit les portes de la ville, il prit un étendard à la main et sortit avec une troupe nombreuse de musulmans. Les infidèles ne s’en doutèrent pas. Les Musulmans jetèrent le désarroi parmi eux et firent une décharge de fusils en une seule fois. Ils lancèrent aussi des flèches ce qui causa un trouble extraordinaire. Le roi s’éveilla en sursaut, appela les grands et les courtisans les plus familiers et leur dit : « Est-ce là ce que vous m’annonciez que les Algériens ne tiendraient pas devant notre attaque ? Voyez ce qu’ils font cette nuit ! » Les Musulmans rentrèrent dans la ville après avoir tué beaucoup d’ennemis. (Georges Marais)
Le jour levé, les Chrétiens se mirent en marche vers la ville et s’approchèrent des murailles. on commença à leur envoyer, des remparts, des coups de canon, des balles et des flèches. Ce jour-là des soldats turcs marchèrent au combat et montrèrent une grande valeur, parmi eux : El H’adj Bacha, El H’adj Mâmi, Khidr, El H’adj Bekir, qui livrèrent jusqu’à la nuit une bataille acharnée. Les ennemis revinrent à Ras Tafourah où ils établirent leur campement. Ils s’emparèrent de toutes les collines et se disposèrent à attaquer la ville. Ils plantèrent leurs étendards déployés sur le Koudiat es-Saboun (La colline du savon, actuel Fort l’Empereur), mais les habitants faisaient des décharges de tous côtés et les coups arrivaient fréquemment sur les vaisseaux qui étaient en mer.
Le lendemain soir, une violente tempête rompit les câbles des navires. Cette tempête est attribuée, selon la légende, à Sidi Bou Gueddour, « un marabout, qui la provoqua en jetant des marmites dans la mer » (Mahfoud Keddache )
D’autres sources rapporte les faits de Ouali Dada, saint homme d’origine turque, qui « parcouru la ville pour relever les courages défaillants, entra dans la mer jusqu’à la ceinture et, la frappant du bâton qu’il tenait à la main, souleva la terrible tempête » (Georges Marais)
Hassan Agha profita de cette providence climatique pour faire sortir ses janissaires et attaquer les chrétiens. La tempête de plus en plus forte, 140 navires échouèrent sur la plage avec tous leurs vivres. L’amiral qui se nommait Andoria (André Doria) eut l’esprit troublé comme tous ceux qui étaient à bord des navires. Il se retira au cap Matifou et dut prier l’empereur de renoncer au siège. D’autant que du côté de Koudiat Es Saboun, le combat était de plus en plus acharné.
Charles Quint reconnu qu’il devait renoncer à Alger, s’estimant heureux si lui et ses soldats pouvait avoir la vie sauve. Le temps pressait, car si les gens des vaisseaux périssaient sur le rivage, l’armée n’aurait aucun moyen de revenir dans son pays.
L’empereur quitta alors la ville et campa près de l’oued el Harrach. « La faim pressait les ennemis : ils mangèrent 400 chevaux et passèrent cette nuit sous des torrents de pluie, tandis que les Arabes et les Kabyles lançaient sur eux des balles et des pierres et les attaquaient à l’improviste. » (Georges Marais)
Les attaques sur les soldats chrétiens se multipliaient et beaucoup périrent avant l’arrivée à Tementfous. Charles Quint y demeura quelques jours jusqu’à ce que l’agitation de la mer fût calmée. Alors il s’embarqua sur les vaisseaux qui restaient, se repliât sur Bougie, mais son armée n’y trouvant pas de ravitaillement, dut quitter le port et rentrer en piteux état à Carthagène.
L’empereur perdit un grand nombre de vaisseaux de guerre et de transport, petits et grands, des galères et des galiotes, ainsi que 200 pièces de canons. Par ailleurs, il abandonna beaucoup de femmes et d’enfants qui étaient venus avec lui, leur nombre s’élèverait à 1300. Aucun cheval ne revint, non plus, les uns périrent dans le combat, les autres furent mangés.
Cette défaite eut un immense retentissement en Europe et un écho extraordinaire au Maghreb. La population en liesse fêta et célébra le triomphe d’El Djazaïr durant plusieurs jours.
Hassan Agha envoya à la Sublime Porte un rapport détaillé sur la défaite de Charles Quint et le sultan le nomma pacha et gouverneur d’El Djazaïr. Ce qui lui permit d’étendre son autorité vers d’autres régions.
Synthèse : Z.M.