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Un tiers du parc automobile national roulera au GPL/c en 2030 , Le pari est-il gagnable ? - Algerie360
À supposer que les coupes budgétaires annoncées ne toucheraient pas à ce programme — la défiscalisation totale semble déjà abandonnée, loi de finances 2016 —, l’absence d’une offre globale incitative et le manque de communication sont des freins pour susciter une demande durable.
Le gaz de pétrole liquéfié carburant (GPL/c) est un mélange de butane et de propane. Sa composition est régie par la norme européenne EN-589. La combustion du GPL ne produit pas de particules et les émissions de NOx (nitrates) sont moindres. Elle influe donc moins sur les maladies respiratoires. Les émissions de CO2 sont 15% moins que dans l’utilisation du moteur à l’essence. Au stade actuel, le GPL est l’une des meilleures alternatives pour limiter les pollutions dans les villes et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre en général. Cette tendance mondiale (utilisation du GPL) est aussi un moyen pour tempérer la dépendance au pétrole (ou sa préservation, c’est selon).
Panorama mondial
Dans ce domaine, la Corée du Sud est le leader. Elle se classe à la première place, avec une consommation de 4,45 millions de tonnes par an, suivie de la Turquie (2,49 millions), Fédération de Russie (2,3 millions), la Pologne (1,66 million) et l’Italie (1,22 million), chiffres de 2011. L’Algérie consomme 0,5 million avec un potentiel de production qui peut être porté à 10 millions de tonnes/an. En Corée du Sud, les taxis et les flottes (entreprises) de véhicules roulent obligatoirement au GPL. Tous ces pays ont une politique fiscale avantageuse pour les utilisateurs de GPL. À Séoul, dans la capitale, des taxis hybrides (GPL – Solaire) sont actuellement à l’essai.
En 2011, 21 millions de véhicules roulaient au carburant GPL dans le monde (près de 3 millions en Corée du Sud). Le GPL est aujourd’hui le 3e carburant automobile dans le monde en nombre d’utilisateurs.
Le récent scandale des véhicules Volkswagen sur lesquels le constructeur allemand a installé un dispositif de fraude pour répondre aux normes environnementales a montré l’ampleur des obstacles technico-financiers pour aligner les moteurs automobiles sur les normes de pollution de plus en plus rigoureuses. Il est logiquement attendu une relance (de quelle niveau) de l’offre GPL dans les pays d’Europe et aux États-Unis.
Pourquoi la demande du GPL ne décolle pas chez nous ?
Le 10 août dernier, le Premier ministre a adressé une instruction (n°234) pour les ministres et les walis au sujet “de la conversion en GPL/Carburant du parc automobile appartenant aux administrations, organismes et entreprises publiquese. Abdelmalek Sellal juge utile de mentionner : “Au vu de la situation financière actuelle du pays, qui impose une rigueur et une rationalisation de nos capacités nationales, le ministre de l’Énergie a tracé un programme d’efficacité énergétique à l’horizon 2030… préconisant, entre autres, comme mesure, la conversion en GPL/c de 30% du parc automobile national”.
Cette instruction ne donne aucun délai d’exécution et laisse le soin (implicite) au ministre de l’Énergie d’établir un planning avec tous les départements ministériels. Rappelons que dans les engagements soumis à la Conférence climat de Paris (CoP21), l’Algérie projette pour 2030 la mise en circulation d’un million de véhicules utilisant le GPL. Ils seront soit acquis équipés de ce dispositif soit reconvertis dans les centres spécialisés. Les nouvelles dispositions imposent aux concessionnaires un quota de 10% du total des véhicules essence importés. Avec une obligation que 80% de ce quota, au moins, doit être converti sur le territoire algérien. Il n’y a pas beaucoup de doute sur l’ambition des pouvoirs publics d’arriver à faire progresser la part de consommation du GPL qui est actuellement de 4% (27% pour l’essence et autour de 70% pour le diesel) à des niveaux qui influent significativement sur un demande sans cesse croissante de gasoil et d’essence. La question qui se pose, après plusieurs échecs, notamment en 2009 avec le programme Prop-Air soutenu par l’APRUE (Agence nationale pour la promotion et la rationalisation de l’utilisation de l’énergie) avec l’objectif de la conversion de 8 000 véhicules/an sur 4 années, est par quels moyens atteindre les nouvelles décisions gouvernementales ?
Il faudra pouvoir convertir 70 000 véhicules chaque année !
Rappelons que la conversion a vu le jour, en Algérie, en 1983 (Sirghaz). En 1995, l’arrivée des installateurs privés devait donner un nouveau souffle à l’activité. Aujourd’hui, il y a près de 100 opérateurs. La capacité théorique de conversion est passée de 8 000 à 50 000 véhicules/an. Mais les recoupements des différentes sources indiquent que seuls 15 000 conversions sont effectivement réalisées chaque année.
En un mot la demande ne suit pas, c’est d’ailleurs l’argument des concessionnaires. De leur côté, les installateurs veulent fouetter la demande, “il faut plus de mesures d’incitation”, estiment les professionnels des Kits GPL. Pour eux, le consommateur ne trouve pas un grand intérêt (financier) à se doter d’un Kit, “il est même empêché de stationner dans les parkings des aéroports et des hôtels, pendant que les conducteurs ne sont pas rassurés lors de longs déplacements au vu de la faiblesse de la couverture d’approvisionnement (stations-services)”.
Sur un autre volet, le parc véhicule national est estimé à 5 millions d’unités (Mouloud Bouchahboune, séminaire sur l’efficacité énergétique dans le transport, 14 juin 2015, Alger). Il serait de l’ordre de 5,5 millions, selon d’autres sources. Le nombre de véhicules reconvertis est de 200 000 dont 83 000 par Naftal. Sur les 5,5 millions, il y a 3 millions de véhicules de tourisme dont 2,5 millions roulent à l’essence. Seuls les véhicules ayant moins de 15 ans d’âge peuvent faire l’objet de l’installation d’un Kit GPL, le marché potentiel est alors de 1,5 million.
Des réticences multiples, des incitations éparses et plusieurs interrogations
Tous les professionnels pointent le prix du gasoil qui n’incite pas au passage GPL. De même il faudra vaincre les réticences du genre “rendement du moteur, sa puissance, usure prématurée de certaines pièces ou la sécurité”. D’ailleurs peu de publicité a été faite sur les dernières générations avec les systèmes à injection séquentielle qui, pratiquement, enregistrent moins de 5% de perte de puissance (Arachiche Benyoucef, PDG de Ghazal). Le nombre de station-services GPL est aussi un handicap, 600 contre 1620 qui n’en disposent pas. Dans le programme gouvernemental de soutien à l’utilisation du GPL, il était prévu, pêle-mêle, la réalisation de 1000 stations dont 40 stations dédiées, l’acquisition de moyens de ravitaillement, l’augmentation des capacités de stockage, la réalisation de 17 nouveaux centres de conversion, la réduction des délais d’obtention des autorisations réglementaires, la réduction du prix du GPL par sa défiscalisation totale, un bonus écologique, la mise en place d’une industrie de fabrication de kits et de cuves pour stations et l’implication des pouvoirs publics pour la conversion des flottes (sociétés nationales, administrations, associations des taxis). C’est beaucoup. Mais à supposer que les coupes budgétaires annoncées ne toucheraient pas à ce programme -la défiscalisation totale semble déjà abandonnée, loi de finances 2016-, l’absence d’une offre globale incitative et le manque de communication sont des freins pour susciter une demande durable. Dans les administrations publiques, l’instruction du Premier ministre n’a donné lieu, au mieux, qu’à une répercussion du courrier sur les structures de base.