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Mourad Louadah, président de la commission énergies renouvelables au FCE : “La part du privé minimisée dans l’appel d’offres de 4 050 MW” - Algerie360
Dans cet entretien, le premier responsable de la commission émet des réserves sur le contenu de l’appel d’offres à investisseurs portant sur la réalisation de centrales photovoltaïques d’une capacité totale de 4 050 MW.
Liberté : Le ministère de l’Énergie compte lancer l’appel d’offres pour la réalisation de centrales photovoltaïques d’une capacité de 4 050 MW fin mars 2017. Il inclut un cahier des charges précis. Que pensez-vous de cette démarche ?
Mourad Louadah : Il faut savoir que l’appel d’offres ne porte plus sur un seul lot de 4 000 MW mais sur 3 lots comprenant chacun 1 350 MW. Ce qui porte la capacité globale à installer à 4 050 MW. Prévoir trois lots au lieu d’un seul (selon la première mouture du projet) représente une avancée. La première mouture représentait un vrai problème de sécurité énergétique nationale dans le sens où le choix d’une seule entreprise était risqué dans le cas où celle-ci pourrait être sujette aux soubresauts que connaît le monde du solaire avec les absorptions-acquisitions, voire les faillites dans un marché où existe un problème de surproduction de panneaux solaires à l’échelle internationale.
J’ai analysé avec des experts les éléments concernant ce projet. Nous formulons de sérieuses réserves aussi bien au niveau de la forme qu’au niveau du fond. Sur la forme, de prime abord, il y a lieu de relever la confusion concernant le projet présenté par la Ceeg au nom du ministère de l’Énergie le 1er mars 2017 à Alger puis aux États-Unis. On parle de “projet d’appel d’offres à investisseurs pour la constitution de sociétés de projet chargées de réaliser un programme pluriannuel de centrales solaires photovoltaïques d’une capacité totale d’environ 4 050 MW réparties en trois lots de 1 350 MW chacun.
L’appel d’offres à investisseurs est adossé à la mise en œuvre de partenariat(s) sociétaire(s) dans le domaine de la fabrication d’équipements de centrales solaires photovoltaïques”. Selon les termes utilisés, il s’agirait d’un “appel d’offres à investisseurs”. C’est une nouvelle dénomination qui n’existe pas dans la réglementation algérienne, que ce soit dans le code des marchés publics ou selon la procédure en vigueur chez Sonelgaz.
Ainsi, selon l’article 42 du code des marchés publics(1), “l’appel d’offres peut-être national et/ou international, il peut se faire sous l’une des formes suivantes : l’appel d’offres ouvert ou avec exigence de capacités minimales ou l’appel d’offres restreint et le concours”. Selon la procédure en vigueur chez Sonelgaz(2) (article 34 intitulé : les différentes formes d’appels d’offres), “l’appel d’offres peut-être national et/ou international, il peut se faire sous l’une des formes suivantes : l’appel d’offres ouvert ou restreint ; la consultation sélective ; l’adjudication ou le concours”.
On a recherché la phrase “appel d’offres pour investisseurs” au niveau de ces deux documents, elle n’existe ni dans le code des marchés publics ni dans le document de 177 pages de la décision n°431-2016-PDG.
Cette confusion n’est pas nouvelle puisque depuis plusieurs mois, les déclarations oscillaient entre “appel à investisseurs” et “appel d’offres”. On semble avoir trouvé une nouvelle dénomination hybride qui allie “appel d’offres” et “investisseurs”. Ces deux formes, contradictoires par nature, vont encore rendre le dossier plus complexe.
Sur le fond, pour nous, le développement des énergies renouvelables, en accord avec les engagements du président de la République qui a déclaré le programme des énergies renouvelables comme priorité nationale, doit être conçu comme une véritable “révolution” nationale afin d’encourager le transfert technologique, impulser une dynamique pour permettre aux entreprises algériennes d’être parties prenantes en les impliquant massivement. Ce qu’on constate, c’est qu’au mépris de l’article 43 de la loi fondamentale du pays (“… l’État encourage, sans discrimination, l’épanouissement des entreprises au service du développement économique national”), le ministère de l’Énergie continue à privilégier une ossature orientée vers le secteur public avec la participation des deux principaux acteurs du secteur de l’énergie (Sonatrach et Sonelgaz) et continue à minimiser le rôle du secteur privé alors qu’il existe déjà une capacité de production de modules solaires de l’ordre de 300 MW extensible à 500 MW si des conditions favorables sont mises en place. Si on peut se féliciter de l’intégration d’un acteur du solaire photovoltaïque dans ce programme, en l’occurrence l’Enie, le secteur privé reste cantonné à des activités de sous-traitance pour le capital international. Cette forme de discrimination ne permet pas l’émergence d’un secteur industriel national en mesure de relever les défis des nouvelles technologies du XXIe siècle et même celle de la création d’emplois.
L’obligation imposée à l’entreprise ou au consortium chargé de la réalisation des centrales photovoltaïques de fabriquer localement les équipements et pièces de rechange des centrales photovoltaïques est-elle pertinente ?
C’est une erreur. Il convient de dissocier la réalisation des centrales électriques et la fabrication des équipements. Les appels d’offres doivent être distincts. Une feuille de route sur trois ans est indispensable. Cet “appel d’offres à investisseurs” impose que le ou les bénéficiaire(s) du programme doi(ven)t prendre en charge deux composantes : une composante de production d’électricité et une composante industrielle. Chaque composante utilise un business model incompatible l’un envers l’autre en raison des investissements requis, des horizons pour la rentabilité, des besoins en recherche & développement, d’un Watt-crête compétitif (industrie) et d’un kWh le plus bas possible (production d’électricité).
L’Algérie dispose aujourd’hui déjà d’une capacité de fabrication de modules photovoltaïques. Bien encadrée, elle peut se développer pour produire dans un délai raisonnable à des prix très compétitifs si des garanties lui sont assurées. À charge pour l’État de mettre en place une feuille de route sur le plan technologique. C’est aussi valable pour les autres composants d’une centrale solaire (onduleurs, transformateurs, supports, câbles, etc.).
Comment voyez-vous le rythme de développement des énergies renouvelables en Algérie ?
Le développement des énergies renouvelables en Algérie connaît un grand retard. Si nous sommes bien classés en Afrique aujourd’hui avec une capacité photovoltaïque de 380 MW, nous serons dépassés en fin d’année par plusieurs pays africains, si nous n’accélérons pas le développement de ce programme. Nous avons aussi des engagements internationaux à l’exemple de l’accord de Paris signé par le président de la République en 2016. Nous voulons profiter de cet accord pour engranger des financements qui existent au niveau international à l’exemple du Fonds vert climat. Depuis cette grande rencontre internationale qui s’est déroulée à Paris en décembre 2015, nous n’avons déposé aucun dossier pour bénéficier de ces financements, alors que nous pouvons obtenir au moins 4 milliards de dollars.
Comment expliquez-vous le retard de l’Algérie dans les énergies renouvelables ?
Prévu initialement en 2011, le programme devait se réaliser selon 4 étapes allant d’une période de démonstration des technologies au déploiement massif. Ce planning n’a pas été respecté dans la mesure où toutes les actions ne se sont pas concrétisées. C’est dû au fait que la réflexion n’a pas été suffisamment maturée et aussi l’absence de concertation avec les acteurs du secteur des EnRs en Algérie. On peut citer l’exemple du retard dans la mise en place des dispositions réglementaires. En somme, des chiffres avaient été annoncés mais sans aucune prise sur la réalité du terrain. Ou encore l’absence de la composante industrielle avec l’annulation en 2013 du contrat d’une usine de panneaux solaires intégrée lancée par Rouiba Éclairage, filiale de la holding Sonelgaz. De même que les aspects liés à la formation et la recherche & développement (création puis dissolution de l’Institut algérien des énergies renouvelables). En clair, il s’avère que le maître d’ouvrage délégué chargé de la mise en œuvre de cet important programme n’a pas été à la hauteur de sa mission. Il ne s’agit pas de charger la holding Sonelgaz de cet échec mais il s’avère de plus en plus que ce n’est pas son rôle de développer les EnRs en Algérie.
Comment l’Algérie peut-elle devenir un leader dans les énergies renouvelables ?
Il convient d’associer la diaspora algérienne qui œuvre dans les EnRs. Il s’agit de recourir aux compétences en matière de maîtrise technologique, de formation des formateurs et d’utilisation des différents modes de financement. L’État doit également mettre en place l’écosystème favorable à la création de tissu industriel pour les équipements destinés au solaire. On doit donner aussi la priorité aux acteurs locaux. Je suggère le recours au financement extérieur lié au Fonds vert et aux EnRs et à la protection de l’environnement, etc. À titre de comparaison, l’Afrique du Sud et le Maroc rapatrient à eux deux plus de 6 milliards de dollars pour financer leurs projets solaires. Il convient de noter que 70 milliards de dollars seront disponibles pour l’Afrique pour les 15 prochaines années pour le photovoltaïque (70 000 MW en 2030). Il est indispensable de créer un centre d’excellence et de formation sur toute la chaîne de valeur : installation, design, opérations et maintenance. La création d’une agence algérienne de l’énergie solaire qui se dote d’experts. Cette agence devrait être indépendante de la tutelle du ministère de l’Énergie.
1- Décret présidentiel n°15-247 du 2 dhou el hidja 1436 correspondant au 16 septembre 2015 portant réglementation des marchés publics et des délégations de service public (Jora N°50 du 20 septembre 2015).
2- Sonelgaz. Décision n° 431/PDG du 2 mai 2016 portant révision de la décision n°224/PDG du 19 mars 2013 portant réglementation des marchés applicable aux sociétés du groupe Sonelgaz.