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Le premier musée sur l'histoire africaine-américaine ouvre à Washington. - Algerie360
Alors que se termine le mandat du premier président noir américain ouvre à Washington le premier musée dédié à l’histoire et la culture afro-américaine. Le projet ravive des questions sur l’esclavage, entre repentance et persistance de préjugés. Ce week-end, les États-Unis se penchent sur leur passé et célèbrent leur diversité. Barack Obamainaugure samedi 24 septembre le Musée national de l’histoire et de la culture afro-américaine. Ce nouveau bâtiment de plus de 37 000 m2, près de la Maison Blanche, abrite quelque 34 000 pièces collectées au cours des dix dernières années.
La visite commence symboliquement sous terre pour rendre compte de la période de l’esclavage (1619-1865). Elle remonte ensuite progressivement pour évoquer la ségrégation (abolie en 1964), puis les diverses contributions des Afro-Américains au patrimoine militaire, culturel et sportif jusqu’à nos jours.
Cette inauguration très attendue est d’autant plus importante qu’il s’agit d’un musée public et donc gratuit. Sa construction a coûté 540 millions de dollars, dont plus de la moitié financée par des mécènes. L’animatrice Ophah Winfrey a ainsi donné 21 millions de dollars, l’ex-basketteur Michael Jordan 5 millions, et la papesse des séries télévisées Shonda Rhimes 10 millions de dollars.
« Nous sommes visuellement fascinés par la période de l’esclavage »
« Ça n’est pas seulement important pour les Afro-Américains, mais pour tous les Américains, estime l’historienne Kellie Carter Jackson, spécialiste des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles à l’université de la ville de New York. Ce musée, c’est l’Histoire américaine. Sans la contribution des Afro-Américains, les États-Unis seraient un pays complètement différent. »
Le fait qu’il soit inauguré par Barack Obama en personne renforce le symbole : « Je ne vois personne de mieux placé que le premier président noir des États-Unis pour accompagner ce moment, affirme Kellie Carter Jackson. Il représente tant ce que les ancêtres avaient espéré… il est l’exemple même du progrès. »
La partie consacrée à l’esclavage sera scrutée de près : « Nous vivons un moment où, visuellement, nous sommes fascinés par cette période. Les films et séries récents présentent au public diverses perspectives de ce passé sombre et son impact jusqu’à aujourd’hui, mais la plupart du temps, ils prêchent des convertis. Un musée de cette stature permettra d’accéder à des reliques du passé qui ne peuvent pas être comprises via un seul film ou cours d’histoire. »
Les universités face à leur passé esclavagiste
Depuis quelques années, les milieux culturels et intellectuels ont révisé leur lecture de l’Histoire. Dans les universités, l’influence du mouvement Black Lives Matter (les vies noires comptent aussi) a par exemple contribué à dénoncer le lien entre les fortunes amassées via la traite des Noirs et lefinancement d’établissements, en particulier scolaires, fondés au XVIIIe et XIXe siècle.
Comme plusieurs avant elle, l’université jésuite de Georgetown, à Washington, s’est récemment penchée sur cette question. Georgetown s’est ainsi engagé à faire des excuses officielles pour avoir, en 1838, profité de la vente à la Louisiane de 272 esclaves appartenant à des Jésuites pour se désendetter.
Début septembre, John J. DeGioia, le président de l’université, a donné un discours très médiatisé dans lequel il a promis d’examiner prioritairement les demandes d’admission émanant des descendants des 272 esclaves vendus, de créer un mémorial en leur honneur et de lancer un centre d’étude sur l’esclavage.
Les descendants d’esclaves demandent à participer au débat
Cette intervention a pourtant donné lieu à une polémique. Les héritiers des 272 esclaves, eux, ont affirmé n’avoir été ni consultés ni invités à la cérémonie. Richard Cellini fait partie des créateurs de l’association GU272, qui a identifié et réuni quelque 600 descendants. « C’est vraiment important pour les descendants d’apprendre la vérité sur leur histoire familiale, assure-t-il. La plupart d’entre eux n’ont aucun moyen de remonter leur arbre généalogique après leur grand-père. »
En septembre 2012, l’université avait fondé un groupe de travail sur cette question : « En décembre, Georgetown a su que certains descendants étaient en vie, puisque je le leur ai appris moi-même, raconte Richard Cellini. En avril 2015, le monde entier a découvert qu’il existait des centaines de descendants, car ils étaient en une du New York Times. Pourtant, à aucun moment Georgetown ne les a associés. Les descendants n’ont appris que 48 heures avant que le président allait faire une annonce et ils ont dû se déplacer à leurs frais pour être présents. »
Les descendants réclament une fondation, idéalement en partenariat avec Georgetown et les Jésuites, dotée d’un milliard de dollars pour des œuvres de charité. « Ils ne cherchent pas à s’enrichir personnellement, explique Richard Cellini. Ils souhaitent que les institutions qui ont profité de l’esclavage investissent pour promouvoir la réconciliation raciale et panser les plaies. » Mais pour le moment, les descendants affirment n’avoir obtenu aucune réponse.
Une nouvelle conversation nationale
Pour Richard Cellini, le sujet ne se limite pas qu’à Georgetown. « Ce sujet a clairement touché un point sensible au niveau national et international. Nous sommes à un moment crucial où notre nation débat de notre dette collective envers les familles d’esclaves. Le cas de Georgetown est unique car nous avons précisément identifié les descendants : ce sont des personnes en chair et en os, avec des vraies familles et des vrais noms. Donc nous pouvons nous demander ce que nous pouvons faire en tant que citoyens. »
L’ouverture du Musée national de l’histoire et de la culture afro-américaine est un encouragement supplémentaire. « Vingt ou trente ans auparavant, nous ne serions pas en train d’avoir cette conversation », relève Richard Cellini. Il reste pourtant du chemin à parcourir. « Jusqu’à aujourd’hui, les descendants d’esclaves américains n’ont reçu aucune excuse formelle ni aucune réparation », rappelle l’historienne Kellie Carter Jackson. « Il y a un combat sans relâche pour l’égalité chez les Afro-Américains. Je ne vois rien de plus nécessaire et de plus opportun que l’ouverture de ce musée. »
Car, pour l’historienne, la perception de l’esclavage comme un défaut moral plutôt que comme une institution économique ou politique biaise aujourd’hui encore le débat. « On peut tous admettre que l’esclavage, c’est mal, mais peu de personnes se rendent compte à quel point il a renforcé la suprématie blanche. J’ai souvent des étudiants qui me disent que leur famille ne possédait pas d’esclaves. Mais les bénéfices [indirects, NDLR] pour les Blancs demeurent. Il faut qu’on soit capable de discuter non seulement des méfaits de l’esclavage et de la ségrégation, mais aussi des privilèges que confère le fait d’être blanc. »
Un débat autour des réparations
Comme en France, le thème des réparations fait débat. « C’est un sujet tellement compliqué… même les Afro-Américains ne sont pas d’accord entre eux sur ce en quoi devraient consister des réparations : des bourses d’étude, des excuses formelles, un chèque, des mesures de discriminations positives ? », relate l’historienne. Si ce débat est difficile, c’est « parce que les réparations ne concernent pas que l’esclavage mais aussi la ségrégation et ses conséquences ».
Que le Congrès puisse se saisir du débat est un signe positif pour Kellie Carter Jackson. Mais elle déplore le fait que la question soit régulièrement évacuée. Le représentant démocrate du Michigan John Conyers Jr. propose ainsi chaque année depuis 1989 une loi appelant à la mise en place d’une commission pour examiner l’impact de l’esclavage et étudier des propositions de réparation. Elle n’a jamais été adoptée.
Dans le cas de Georgetown, même si « rien ne pourra jamais compenser ce que ces familles ont enduré, les récentes annonces sont importantes car elles constituent une première étape en vue d’une réparation, estime l’historienne. Je ne pense pas que le travail de réparation consiste à cocher une case, c’est un processus en cours visant à ne pas répéter le passé. »
Pour montrer que l’Histoire est toujours en cours, le nouveau musée de la capitale américaine a résisté à la tentation de terminer son exposition avec la présidence de Barack Obama, même si elle lui confère une large place. À la place, c’est le mouvement Black Lives Matter qui est mis en lumière. « Nous voulions être sûrs que les visiteurs ne voient pas le premier président noir comme la fin de l’histoire pour les Afro-américains », a ainsi expliqué l’un des conservateurs du musée au New York Times. Une note de militantisme décidément d’actualité.