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Les cendres pourraient atteindre l'Algérie dès aujourd'hui - Algerie360
L’Eyjafjallajökull, volcan du sud de l’Islande, est entré en éruption après 200 ans d’inactivité, crachant sans discontinuer des colonnes de cendres dans le ciel.
Quelque 450 personnes vivant à proximité ont été immédiatement évacuées des lieux afin d’éviter que ne leur parviennent des projections de cendres et de lave. Pour la même raison, plusieurs vols ont été suspendus tant que la menace liée à ces cendres volcaniques plane sur le ciel.
Ces fumées, composées de minuscules particules de pierre, seraient très dangereuses pour les réacteurs des avions. Ce phénomène naturel a suscité plusieurs interrogations, dont celleci : les cendres crachées par ce volcan peuvent-elles atteindre l’Algérie ? La réponse du Dr Djellit, directeur de recherche en sismologie et chef de département au GRRAG, est affirmative. Dans cet entretien accordé au Midi Libre, le docteur revient avec plus de détails sur les activités volcaniques.
Le nuage de particules engendré par l’éruption du volcan islandais, peut-il atteindre l’Afrique du Nord, plus particulièrement, l’Algérie?
Oui, les cendres dégagées par le volcan islandais atteindront très certainement l’Algérie et l’Afrique. Dans combien de temps ? Tout dépend des conditions météorologiques et surtout de la direction et de la puissance des vents en Méditerranée.
Actuellement, ces vents dirigent les nuages de poussière vers le Sud-Sud-Est. Si cette situation persiste, le nuage de poussière atteindra l’Afrique du Nord Lundi ou Mardi prochain. Et, il faut absolument que l’aviation algérienne tienne compte de cette donnée. Certes, le nuage ne sera pas aussi concentré en poussières de silice comme il l’était en Islande et au dessus de l’Europe, mais, il reste pour autant dangereux même avec une petite quantité de silice. Par principe de prudence, des mesures doivent être prises dans ce sens.
Comment expliquer que les cendres crachées par le volcan aient paralysé tout le ciel européen ?
Les volcans rejettent à la surface des solutions visqueuses de roches en fusion. La composition du magama est dans le cas du volcan d’Eyjafjallajokull, du nom du lac qui le recouvre, est essentiellement de la silice (tétraédres de silice, quartz en fusion).
Comme la silice est plus dure que le fer et ses dérivés, elle est donc capable d’altérer et de rayer les composantes des réacteurs des avions dont la température des réacteurs en marche peut atteindre les 1000°. Le nuage de poussière qui est émis par le volcan est un mélange de vapeur d’eau et de silice, diazote, dioxyde de carbone, vapeur d’eau, oxyde de soufre, acide chlorhydrique, acide fluorhydrique.
Si ce nuage passe à travers les réacteurs des avions, la silice qu’il contient va, à haute température (1000°dans le réacteur), se combiner à autres éléments contenus dans l’air et former une sorte de « calamine » qui agira directement sur les système de refroidissement des récateurs; ou, à défaut, rayer ou « souder » les sytèmes de celui-ci.
Existe-t-il des volcans en Algérie?
Oui, il existe des volcans en Algérie. Mais aucun d’entre eux n’est actif. Tous les volcans situés sur le territoire appartiennent à l’histoire géologique ancienne, antérieure à la période du Quaternaire. C’est à dire, tous les volcans algériens ont plus de 800.000 ans.
À quand remonte la dernière éruption volcanique en Algérie?
La dernière activité volcanique sur le territoire algérien remonte justement à la période citée plus haut: c’est à dire vers 800.000 ans, dans la région oranaise.
La date que je vous donne ici n’est pas encore publiée par les revues scientifiques puisqu’elle provient d’études récentes que mènent actuellement mes collègues de l’Université Houari Boumedienne.
Elle m’a été communiquée de façon orale par un membre de cette équipe. Si je ne tiens pas compte de cette donnée nouvelle, je me dois de péciser alors que le volcanisme sur le territoire algérien remonte à plus de 4 à 5 millions d’années; c’est à dire, à la période dite du Pliocène.
Peut-il y en avoir d’autres?
Non, impossible ! Car les volcans apparaissent à la surface de la terre pour des raisons géodynamiques précises.
à l’aplomb de « points chauds » situés dans le manteau
le long des limites divergentes des plaques tectoniques, comme c’est le cas aujourd’hui en Islande
Dans les zones de subduction où une plaque tectonique plonge et disparaît sous une autre plaque, comme au Japon par exemple. L’Algérie se trouve dans une région où n’existe aucune des conditions énumérées précédemment.
La limite de la plaque européenne avec la plaque africaine est une limite qui passe effectivement par l’Algérie. Mais, il s’agit d’une limite qui diffère des limites que je viens de citer plus haut. Car, au niveau de l’Algérie la limite est coulissante; c’est à dire que la plaque et européenne se déplace latéralement vis à vis de la plaque africaine.
Dans ces conditions, il est presque impossible de produire des volcans; à moins de changer localement la direction de dérive des plaques tectonique !
Peut-on affirmer qu’un volcan est définitivement éteint ?
Un volcan est dit «endormi» lorsqu’il n’est plus entré en éruption durant plusieurs centaines d’années et est dit «éteint» lorsque sa dernière éruption remonte à, au moins, 50.000 ans et qu’il est soumis à l’érosion.
De manière générale, les volcans subissent plusieurs éruptions au cours de leur vie. Mais leur fréquence est très variable selon le volcan : certains ne connaissent qu’une éruption en quelques siècles comme le Ponta Pico aux Açores tandis que d’autres sont en éruption permanente comme le Stromboli en Italie ou le Merapi en Indonésie.
Il arrive que des volcans ne se forment qu’en une seule éruption puis s’endorment ou s’éteignent pendant des dizaines ou des centaines de milliers d’années. Il s’agit de volcans monogéniques.
Par exemple, les volcans de la chaine des Puys dans le Massifs Central français se sont formés entre 11500 av. J-C et 5000 av. J-C au cours d’une seule éruption pour chaque édifice volcanique et n’ont plus jamais montré de signe d’activité.
Y a t-il une relation entre les volcans et les séismes ?
Oui, bien sûr ! Un volcan en activité produit des séismes dans son voisinage, surtout s’il s’agit d’un volcan noire (explosif !). Voici la liste des effets que peuvent induirent les volcans: coulées de laves, nuées ardentes, tsunamis, cendres volcaniques, séismes, glissements de terrain, gaz volcaniques, lahars (coulées boueuses), crue (Jökulhlaup !), acidification des lacs, hivers volcaniques.
Puisque, lorsqu’un volcan émet de la lave vers l’extérieur de la terre, il ramène, en même temps que la matière en fusion qu’il expulse, de l’acide sulfurique, du phosphore et bien d’autres éléments en trace. Lorsque l’acide sulfurique entre en contact avec l’eau, il se transforme en partie en H2S qui est explosif. A chaque explosion la terre est ébranlé et émet à son tour des ondes sismiques.
Ceci d’une part. D’autre part, sachant que les volcans sont étroitement liés aux conditions géodynamiques qui gouvernent les plaques tectoniques et la répartition de la chaleur au sein du manteau terrestre, il y va de soi qu’ils sont intimement associés, comme les séismes, aux fonctionnements des limites de plaques.
D’ailleurs pour s’en apercevoir, il suffit de regarder la carte mondiale des plaques tectoniques pour constater que c’est la répartition des volcans, le long des limites de plaques, qui sert de références à la délimitation de celles-ci.
O. N. A .