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47 ans après la nationalisation, quelle transition énergétique pour l'Algérie ? - Algerie360
Uniquement entre 2000 et 2017 Sonatrach a pu engranger plus de 800 milliards de dollars selon les bilans officiels de Sonatrach, inclus les 97 milliards de dollars de réserves de change fin 2017. Mais, il faut éviter la sinistrose, car nous avons assisté grâce à cette ressource éphémère à d’importants investissements entre 1965/2017 , dans ce secteur et dans d’autres qui font vivre aujourd’hui les Algériens. Mais il faut également éviter toute autosatisfaction source de névrose collective car existe une disproportion entre la dépense et les impacts, mais devant être réaliste : en ce mois du 24 février 2018, Sonatrach, c’est l’Algérie et l’Algérie c’est Sonatrach.
Aussi, quelles leçons tirer après 47 ans de la nationalisation des hydrocarbures et quelle stratégie d’adaptation face au nouveau pouvoir énergétique mondial qui a totalement changé depuis 1974 ?
1.-En tant que jeune conseiller au ministère de l‘Energie après l’obtention de ma thèse de doctorat d’Etat en 1974, et ayant eu à diriger le premier audit sur Sonatrach entre 1974/1976, j’avais émis un grand espoir en la nationalisation des hydrocarbures décidée le 24 février 1971. Elle s’est traduite dans les faits par la signature d’une ordonnance, le 11 avril de la même année, promulguant la loi fondamentale sur les hydrocarbures, définissant le cadre dans lequel devrait s’exercer l’activité des sociétés étrangères en matière de recherche et d’exploration des hydrocarbures. A l’époque je me rappelle il y a eu une très forte mobilisation de l’ensemble des travailleurs et cadres de Sonatrach d’une très haute compétence devant les pressions étrangères. Depuis nous avons assisté à différentes lois sur les hydrocarbures qui ont vu l’élargissement du partenariat étranger, qui ont largement contribué à développer les capacités locales. Le véritable tournant a été la loi du 28 avril 2005 modifiée et complétée par la loi du 19 août 1986. Ensuite nous avons la loi n°91-21 du 4 décembre 1991, puis la loi du 28 avril 2005, modifiée par l’ordonnance du 29 juillet 2006 et la dernière en date celle du 20 février 2013. En conseil des ministres courant 2014, selon le rapport présenté par le Ministre de l’Energie de l’époque, données rapportées par l’agence officielle –APS- les réserves de gaz nature étaient de 2700 milliards de mètres cubes gazeux et le 12 milliards de barils de pétrole. Avec les récentes découvertes entre 2015 et2017, ainsi que la mise en œuvre de techniques de récupération il semblerait, selon les déclarations récentes de certains responsables, que le niveau ait été relevé légèrement. Il faut éviter de raisonner à prix courants de peu de signification, la parité du dollar et le pouvoir d’achat mondial ayant évolué, devant donc déflater pour avoir le montant réel du prix . Par exemple, un baril de 20 dollars en 1980 équivaut à prix constants à plus de 90 dollars prix 2017. A l’horizon 2030, l’Algérie risque d’être importatrice net de pétrole et de gaz conventionnel et que deviendra la population algérienne de 50 millions sans gaz et pétrole traditionnel ? Avec la forte consommation intérieure en Algérie, doublement des capacités d’électricités à partir des turbines de gaz. si les prix subventionnés se maintiennent, nous aurons le même montant en 2030 que les exportations actuelles. Quel montant exportera alors Sonatrach pouvant découvrir des milliers de gisements non rentables par rapport au cout et au vecteur prix international ? Par ailleurs, tenant compte des coûts croissants, de la nouvelle révolution économique 2020/2030 de la nouvelle transition énergétique, de la concurrence internationale, bon nombre des clients de Sonatrach demanderont certainement à l’Algérie entre 2018/2020 une révision des prix de cession du gaz, aussitôt les contrats à terme arrivé à expiration, l’indexation sur le prix du pétrole n’étant plus à l’ordre du jour.
2.-Face à la dominance de la rente, qu’en est t-il de la situation économique ? En ce mois de février 2018,83% de la superficie économique est constituée de petits commerce/services, le secteur industriel représente moins de 5% du PIB, 97/98% avec les dérivées des exportations sont le fait d’hydrocarbures à l’état brut et semi brut et important la majorité des besoins des entreprises qu’elles soient publiques ou privées( taux d’intégration inférieure à 15%) ainsi que la couverture des besoins des ménages (70%).En de mois de février 2017, Sonatrach c’est l’Algérie et l’Algérie c’est Sonatrach. C’est ce qu’on appelle le syndrome hollandais, impliquant un nouveau management stratégique de cette société stratégique pour la transparence de ses comptes. Le poste services au niveau de la balance des paiements, en grande partie accaparé par Sonatrach et à un degré moindre par les infrastructures (sans compter les transferts de profit) est passé est passé de 2 milliards de dollars en 2002 à plus de 10/11 milliards de dollars entre 2010/2017 témoignant d’une déperdition de la ressource humaine locale au niveau de cette société stratégique( faiblesse de l’accumulation du savoir faire technologique et managérial). La sphère informelle tisse des liens dialectiques avec la logique rentière qui assoit son pouvoir grace au poids de la bureaucratie. Selon le dernier rapport de février 2018 de la banque d’Algérie « la masse monétaire fiduciaire circulant dans l’économie jusqu’au 31 décembre 2017 était de 4780 milliards de dinars et sur les 4780 milliards de dinars environ 2000 milliards de dinars sont thésaurisés chez les privés et/ou opérateurs économiques au poids. Mais l’o doit éviter les confusions et distinguer sa part dans le produit intérieur brut (entre 40/50% selon l’ONS) , son poids par rapport à l’emploi ( plus de 33% de la population active selon le ministère du travail) ou à la masse monétaire. Pour ce dernier cas, le gouverneur de la banque d’Algérie en date du 12 février 2018 vient de donner le montant, je le cite « la masse monétaire fiduciaire circulant dans l’économie jusqu’au 31 décembre 2017 était de 4780 milliards de dinars et sur les 4780 milliards de dinars environ 2000 milliards de dinars sont , thésaurisés chez les privés et/ou opérateurs économiques ». Aussi, pour éviter la confusion dans l‘analyse de la masse monétaire au niveau de la sphère informelle, l’on doit différencier la part normale que détiennent les ménages à usages personnels , du montant stocké à des fins spéculatifs .
3.-Le monde va connu un profond bouleversement dans le domaine énergétique depuis 1974. L’OPEP ne représente pus que 33% de la production commercialisée mondiale, 67% se faisant hors OPEP et entre 2020/2030 le monde devrait connaitre encore de nouvelles mutations énergétiques, s’orientant vers un MIX énergétique . Pour le ca Algérie, toutes mes remarques précédentes posent la problématique de la démocratisation de la gestion de la rente des hydrocarbures. D’où l’importance d’un large débat national sur la gestion de cette rente qui irrigue tous les segments de la société, de la rentabilité des investissements et des réserves de change, placées à l’étranger, produit de cette rente. Cependant les conservateurs minoritaires en tant que segments dans la société sont dominants, assis sur la rente, font tout pour bloquer les réformes structurelles au nom d’un nationalisme chauviniste dépassé en fait pour préserver leurs intérêts étroits. Les réformateurs dominants certes au niveau de la société, sont minoritaires au niveau des sphères décisionnelles. Aussi, il serait illusoire de croire en des miracles techniques sans une profonde mutation systémique. Tout processus de développement étant forcément porté par des forces sociales, il ne pourra y avoir de développent de filières hors hydrocarbures, s’insérant dans le cadre des nouvelles mutations mondiales, sans l’émergence de forces sociales réformistes. En résumé, l’Algérie doit prendre en compte, le nouvel modèle de consommation énergétique mondial qui se mettra en place 2020/2030, devant éviter de raisonner sur l’image erronée d’un modèle de consommation linéaire. L’entrée de nouveaux concurrents, les nouvelles découvertes et la réduction des couts permises grâce aux nouvelles technologies du gaz de schiste aux USA, ainsi que la baisse de plus de 50% du cout des énergies renouvelables préfigurent d’importants bouleversements du pouvoir énergétique mondial. L’on devra analyser la situation sans chauvinisme mais avec réalisme, certains articles de la loi des hydrocarbures de janvier 2013 ( le cours à l’poque dépassait les 100 dollars le baril) n’est plus appropriée par rapport au nouveau contexte mondial. Le problème posé relevant de la sécurité nationale : quelle nouvelle politique énergétique, quel nouveau modèle de consommation énergétique à un cout concurrentiel posant également la problématique de l’efficacité énergétique et enfin comment adapter la loi des hydrocarbures aux nouvelles mutations ? Car avec. la baisse drastique du prix du pétrole ayant eu comme effet, en Algérie, la réduction de la dépense publique via la baisse des recettes d’hydrocarbures de plus de 40%, les sociétés étrangères face à un cours fluctuant entre 50/65 dollars deviennent plus exigeantes dans le choix des opportunités disponibles à travers le monde surtout avec les nouvelles découvertes et les nouvelles technologies D’où l’importance de la mise en place, premièrement, d’un cadre institutionnel clair loin des contraintes bureaucratiques étouffantes ; deuxièmement d’attractivité dans le domaine de la fiscalité pétrolière et enfin troisièmement en termes de sécurité des investissements