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Marché halal: une "tradition inventée" et non une obligation religieuse. - Algerie360
La marché du halal ne cesse de se développer depuis les années 1980. Pourtant, selon Florence Bergeaud-Blackler, qui publie « Le marché halal ou l’invention d’une tradition », il ne s’agit pas d’une obligation religieuse. C’est le fruit de la rencontre entre capitalisme et islam. Nourriture, vêtements, maquillages, banques… Le halal (licite) est partout mais est-ce une obligation religieuse ? Pour l’anthropologue Florence Bergeaud-Blackler, qui vient de publier « Le marché halal ou l’invention d’une tradition » (Éd. Seuil), la réponse est catégorique. Si le porc, le sang et l’alcool sont formellement interdits dans le Coran ou la Sunna (les dires et les gestes du prophète), aucune norme ou comportement n’est en revanche imposé. Seule une prescription alimentaire propre à l’abattage des animaux existe. Les bêtes doivent être tuées « par blessure lors de la chasse, par saignée soit au niveau de la gorge, soit au niveau du sternum de l’animal », écrit la chercheuse.
Le marché halal est une « tradition inventée » apparue au début des années 1980, explique la chercheuse du CNRS, qui reprend ainsi le concept développé par l’historien britannique Eric Hobsbawm. « Manger halal se présente aujourd’hui comme une pratique obligatoire pour les musulmans alors même que cette expression n’existait pas dans le monde musulman avant que les pays industriels ne l’y exportent ». Pour Florence Bergeaud-Blackler, qui étudie la question depuis 20 ans, elle s’est surtout imposée dans les pays non musulmans grâce aux diasporas. « Un sondage récent de l’Institut Montaigne a montré que 40 % de la population musulmane de France considère que manger halal est un pilier de l’islam, ce qui est faux », regrette la chercheuse au CNRS.
L’industrie du halal serait née de la « rencontre non programmée entre le néo-fondamentalisme et le néo-libéralisme. À ce moment-là, ces deux idéologies triomphent sur la scène internationale, poursuit-elle. Cette rencontre va changer le sens théologique de halal qui de ‘permis’ devient ‘prescrit’, ce qui est la marque du fondamentalisme ». En 1979, juste après la Révolution islamique en Iran, l’ayatollah Khomeiny interdit la nourriture en provenance des pays non musulmans et en particulier la viande. Mais, face aux pénuries provoquées par l’embargo, l’Iran est contrainte d’infléchir sa position. Si elle décide d’importer de nouveau de la viande des pays occidentaux, elle impose une « islamisation » de l’abattage. Un protocole industriel halal est ainsi mis en place mais sans être fixé par les religieux. « Ce marché est facilité par l’existence d’un droit dans les pays séculiers, qui reconnaît l’abattage rituel, initialement établi pour les diasporas juives ».
D’autres pays musulmans, comme les pays du Golfe, la Malaisie ou encore la Turquie s’engouffrent alors dans la voie ouverte par Téhéran. Une codification complexe et de plus en plus élargie s’impose alors. Le consommateur musulman est né.
Un marché convoité en France
En France, qui compte entre 4 à 5 millions de musulmans, le marché halal est devenu une poule aux œufs d’or. Selon le cabinet Solis, spécialisé dans les études marketing ethniques, il s’évalue entre 5,5 et 7 milliards d’euros. Dans le cas de la viande, la certification n’étant pas encadrée par la loi, les organismes de contrôle se sont multipliés. Seules les mosquées de Lyon, de Paris et d’Évry sont habilitées par les pouvoirs publics à délivrer les cartes de sacrificateurs. En revanche, les organismes de contrôle, qui garantissent le respect des normes halal, peuvent être créés par tout un chacun et sans aucun agrément religieux. « Les producteurs sont obligés d’employer un sacrificateur habilité par l’une des trois mosquées mais ne sont nullement contraints d’avoir recours à une agence de certification halal », écrit Florence Bergeaud-Blackler. Rien ne les empêche d’apposer eux-mêmes la mention halal sur leurs produits ». Mettre une étiquette halal sur du porc est en revanche illégal.
Si de nombreux scandales ont éclaboussé le marché du halal, comme des produits faussement étiquetés licites, des traces de porc retrouvées dans des merguez – on parle même d’un halalgate – son succès en France ne se dément pas. Bien au contraire. Les consommateurs sont toujours plus nombreux, tout comme ses hérauts. De quoi susciter la crainte d’une utilisation du marché halal par des franges rigoristes comme les salafistes ou les Frères musulmans pour promouvoir leur vision de l’islam.
Le danger du rigorisme religieux
Manger exclusivement halal pourrait par exemple avoir pour conséquence de couper le consommateur de l’espace public mais aussi de toute forme de sociabilité, selon la Florence Bergeaud-Blackler. « Diviser en deux l’espace entre le permis et l’interdit crée une certaine anxiété sociale et conduit à des conduites d’évitement, regrette la chercheuse dans son ouvrage. Quand vous mangez exclusivement halal, vous pouvez éviter d’inviter quelqu’un qui ne mange halal chez vous par crainte qu’il vous invite à son tour. C’est d’autant plus vrai que ces conduites d’évitement sont accompagnées d’un discours de rejet de la nourriture. La confusion entre halal et pureté est préoccupante ».
L’auteure met également en garde contre ce qu’elle appelle le halal « umnique », fait par et pour les musulmans. Jusqu’en 2005, les non-musulmans pouvaient fabriquer des produits licites à condition qu’ils respectent les normes et les codifications internationales. Depuis cette date, les pays du Golfe mais aussi la Turquie considèrent qu’ils ont été dépossédés du contrôle de la norme halal par les Occidentaux et se sont lancés dans une sorte de « surenchère technico-rituelle ». « Ils considèrent qu’ils doivent contrôler la norme halal tout au long du processus de production, de la finance à la consommation, et ainsi faire advenir une économie islamique globale qui inclut les pays musulmans et diasporas (l’Umma ou Oumma, la communauté, NDLR) ».
Acheter et consommer des produits islamiques reviendrait pour certains à se conformer aux préceptes du prophète. Une nouvelle façon d’accéder au paradis éternel.