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Farès Kessasra, chercheur au programme hydrologique international de l'UNESCO: “Il faut une gestion rationnelle des vallées alluviales du nord du pays” - Algerie360
Plusieurs régions du pays connaissent ces derniers temps une crise de l’eau. Farès Kessasra, maître de conférences à l’université de Jijel, chercheur au Programme hydrologique international (PHI) de l’Unesco à Paris, livre des éléments explicatifs, notamment sur les causes de ce stress hydrique.
Liberté : Plusieurs régions du pays endurent un manque d’eau. Quelles solutions préconisez-vous ?
F. Kessasra : Parmi les solutions, nous sommes appelés à concentrer nos efforts sur la gestion des grands systèmes aquifères que recèle le sous-sol algérien. Cela représente une manne hydrique des plus précieuses, de l’or bleu dans son sens le plus noble.
Je citerai le Complexe terminal dans le Sahara algérien, un gigantesque complexe aquifère partagé entre plusieurs pays et dont l’Algérie devrait tirer profit. Il est exploité par des forages profonds de 200 à 300 m et recèle de l’eau de bonne qualité pour la consommation humaine. Plus profond encore, le Continental intercalaire, certes, très riche en quantité, mais la qualité de son eau est de moins en moins appréciée de par son taux de sel élevé.
Nos efforts devraient porter également sur la gestion rationnelle des vallées alluviales du nord de l’Algérie, la vallée du Sébaou à Tizi Ouzou, la vallée de la Soummam entre Bouira et Béjaïa, la vallée du seybousse entre Guelma et Annaba, la vallée de la Mitidja entre Blida et Alger, la vallée de la Tafna à Tlemcen et d’autres moins connues. L’eau y est disponible mais son problème majeur est la surexploitation. Tout le monde pompe son eau comme ça lui chante. Ma foi, nous devons en finir avec ce lien hasardeux que nous nourrissons avec l’eau. Cela rend ces aquifères superficiels de plus en plus menacés par des rabattements d’eau inquiétants et surtout leur vulnérabilité à la pollution. Comment faire ? Réguler notre exploitation à travers des outils scientifiques usuellement employés, je cite la modélisation numérique.
Et concrètement…
Les enseignements donc en matière d’eau de cette année, nous amènent à réfléchir réellement comment rendre nos systèmes aquifères plus productifs, plus performants et répondant à nos besoins croissants en eau sans les épuiser pour autant. En tant que modélisateur, les simulations numériques sont en mesure d’apporter des réponses concrètes à nos interrogations.
Les issues des modèles numériques seront d’année en année aiguisées, en fonction des données de terrain. Pourquoi la modélisation ? C’est tout simple, un modèle apporte des solutions à l’avenir à partir d’un état actuel de la nappe. Il nous guidera sur le nombre de nouveaux forages que nous pouvons réaliser, leur profondeur, leur emplacement, le taux de pompage par heure, et même par seconde, et encore mieux, l’état de la nappe dans 20, 30 et 50 ans. Nous pouvons, dès lors, prévoir d’autres alternatives si la nappe n’a pas à supporter tout ce monde, une gestion réfléchie et surtout “à l’avance” si je cite cette expression populaire.
C’est donc un problème de gestion ?
Deux pour cent des niveaux des barrages auraient suffi pour que le pays plonge cet été dans sa pénurie d’eau la plus critique. Le chiffre exprime la baisse du taux de remplissage des barrages entre 2016 et 2017. La faute à qui ? Nous avons eu moins de pluie, cela entraîne inexorablement une baisse des niveaux d’eau mobilisable dans les nombreux infrastructures hydrauliques dont nous disposons. Mais cela donnera quelques enseignements.
Le premier montre combien les eaux de surface ne représentent pas la solution idyllique pour un pays aride comme l’Algérie où les taux d’évaporation sont dans le rouge. À Hassi-R’mel ou à Hassi-Messaoud, toute la pluie tombée s’évapore et il ne pleut pas plus de 100 mm dans la première région et 50 mm dans la deuxième. Idem pour les régions du Nord, l’évaporation met à bout les eaux libres censées alimenter les communes. Le deuxième enseignement que nous pouvons tirer, c’est que la gestion de l’eau en Algérie ne peut continuer dans sa logique d’exploitation avec un réseau d’assainissement et de distribution défaillant.
Les chiffres parlent d’eux-mêmes, 50% de l’eau potable fuit, et ce, en plus du gaspillage chronique que nous enregistrons chaque jour dans notre société.
Les oueds et les sources à l’abandon sont-ils générateurs aussi de pénuries ?
Nos oueds sont dans un piteux état, la faute à l’absence des stations d’épuration des eaux usées (Step), du coup, les communes, les industriels et les agriculteurs jettent leurs déchets liquides dans l’oued le plus proche. Résultat, l’oued est devenu un dépotoir puant. Alors que si les Step existaient dans chaque commune peuplée, nous aurions préservé notre patrimoine hydrologique et le réserver à l’irrigation.
Cela allégerait considérablement l’exploitation des nappes aquifères par les agriculteurs. Nos sources représentent le moyen idéal pour alimenter les communes montagneuses difficilement accessibles et aménageables. L’eau, les vallées et les nappes sont un patrimoine qu’on doit inscrire au patrimoine de l’humanité de l’Unesco, une fois le pas franchi, les regards que nous portons sur cette denrée essentielle à la vie changeront.
Mais qu’est-ce qui a fait la sévérité de la pénurie cette année ?
Pour comprendre la situation actuelle, il est préférable de revenir sur quelques chiffres. Je prends en exemple deux régions de l’Est algérien. À Oum El-Bouaghi, la pluie enregistrée n’était que de 170 mm entre septembre 2016, et mai 2017, contre habituellement une moyenne d’environ 380 mm. En 2013, la région avait reçu dans la même période 330 mm. Un manque à gagner de plus de 200 mm en l’espace d’un an. Cela se répercutera sur la disponibilité de l’eau et si je peux m’exprimer ainsi, le réchauffement climatique a eu raison de nous cette année. La pénurie d’eau prend tout son sens. À Guelma, nous avons relevé moins de 360 mm de septembre 2016 à juin 2017, le plus bas niveau depuis 10 ans. Alors que la moyenne des précipitations dans cette région agricole est de 589 mm.