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Systèmes de retraite en Afrique: Une situation de crise, objet d’une nouvelle enquête - Algerie360
Le bureau d’études et de conseil Finactu, domicilié à Genève et exerçant essentiellement en Afrique, vient de rendre publique une enquête sur les systèmes de retraite en Afrique, principalement dans les pays dits francophones, dont l’Algérie.
Ci-dessous un survol des résultats de ce travail.
Depuis bientôt 20 ans, les équipes de Finactu travaillent aux côtés des caisses de retraite du continent, et les assistent dans la compréhension et la maîtrise de leur santé financière, présente et future. Plus de 50 audits actuariels de plusieurs dizaines de caisses de retraite ont permis à ce bureau d’études et de conseil d’accéder à une vision assez précise de la situation de ces régimes, de mesurer leurs points communs et leurs différences, leurs forces et leurs faiblesses, et d’identifier les menaces auxquelles ils sont soumis.
La présente étude souhaite partager les enseignements tirés de cette longue pratique de la retraite sur le continent, en proposant aussi, au-delà des éléments de diagnostic, des pistes de solutions face à des situations qui s’annoncent partout difficiles… A la base de la présente étude, il convient de rappeler une vérité universelle : tous les régimes de retraite, en tant que mécanisme viager, sont éminemment dépendants de la démographie ; en conséquence, leurs paramètres doivent évoluer au gré des évolutions de cette dernière.
A contrario, ne pas modifier un régime de retraite alors que la population bénéficiaire voit son espérance de vie augmenter de 10 ans serait une faute de gestion impardonnable, qui conduirait inéluctablement à des déconvenues.
Rappelons que l’originalité économique de la gestion des promesses de retraite est de faire payer comptant, avec la cotisation, un produit financier (une pension de retraite) qui sera «livré» dans très longtemps. Et généralement par d’autres que ceux qui ont encaissé son prix…
Or, le paysage de la retraite en Afrique a été caractérisé, sur les années 1960-2010, par un très fort immobilisme : dans ce long «âge d’or», où les excédents s’accumulaient sans effort («et pour cause», comme nous le verrons plus loin), presque aucun dirigeant, presque aucun gouvernant, ne s’est posé la question de l’avenir de ces excédents, de la pérennité de cette euphorie, de la soutenabilité de cet âge d’or…
La répartition mise en cause
Presque aucun des régimes de retraite n’avait fait d’évaluation actuarielle avant le début des années 2000. Nous devons aux dirigeants actuels de ces caisses le courage d’initier des audits et de préparer des réformes. Malgré cela, nous connaissons encore plusieurs caisses du continent qui n’ont, en 2016, jamais réalisé un tel audit actuariel depuis leur création il y a plus de 50 ans… C’est le cas de la CNR en Algérie. Imagine-t-on un patient qui n’aurait jamais consulté un médecin à l’âge de 57 ans ? Certes, dans certaines conditions exceptionnelles, un régime par répartition peut survivre sans réforme, mais c’est au prix d’une accumulation invisible de déficits à venir : la réforme qui n’est pas faite une année s’accumule à celle qu’il faudra faire l’année suivante, et la procrastination se paie au prix fort. Ainsi, les réformes que l’Afrique devra faire dans les années à venir devront non seulement corriger l’effet des évolutions démographiques actuelles, mais aussi réparer ou compenser celles qu’a connues sans réagir le continent entre 1960 et aujourd’hui… Ainsi, faute d’avoir adapté nos régimes par répartition progressivement, quand il était encore temps, nous allons devoir les adapter doublement et au pire moment : quand les difficultés s’amoncellent, quand les assurés commencent à douter de leurs caisses, quand les bénéficiaires crient leur colère, quand les entreprises, déjà confrontées à une concurrence douloureuse, ne peuvent supporter un alourdissement du coût du travail, et quand les gouvernements, exsangues, ne peuvent plus aider…
«Les promesses n’engagent que ceux qui y croient»
Grandes machines à distribuer des promesses différées à très long terme, les caisses de retraite confirment, en Afrique comme ailleurs, que «les promesses n’engagent que ceux qui y croient» : comme le démontre cette étude, la quasi-totalité des régimes de retraite du continent n’ont aucune chance, en l’état, de parvenir à tenir leurs promesses.
Ils subissent aujourd’hui les conséquences de promesses faites il y a des décennies : le jeune qui est entré sur le marché du travail en 1970 et a alors commencé à cotiser, a acquis un droit qu’il a exercé 40 ans plus tard, en 2010, et pour 25 ans, soit une durée totale de… 65 ans entre la première cotisation et la dernière pension… Face à ces difficultés, les experts de Finactu, partout où ils interviennent, posent les mêmes questions : quel sera l’avenir de la retraite en Afrique ?
Les caisses augmenteront-elles massivement leurs cotisations ? Trouveront-elles d’autres sources de financement ? Diminueront-elles drastiquement les pensions ? Reculeront-elles l’âge de la retraite ? Ou feront-elles purement et simplement faillite ? Quelles sont les solutions alternatives ? C’est à ces questions que cette étude tente d’apporter une réponse, à l’aune de notre connaissance intime d’une trentaine de régimes situés dans une quinzaine de pays francophones différents, dont la Caisse nationale des retraites (CNR) en Algérie.
Synthèse faite par
Que faire pour affronter l’avenir ?
Ce que préconise Finactu. Face à la montée des déficits, les caisses de retraite doivent recalibrer leurs paramètres, en affrontant une situation dilemmatique que certains appellent le «triangle maudit de la retraite». Faut-il diminuer les pensions, à travers une diminution du taux d’annuité, une révision des règles d’indexation des pensions, une modification de la période de référence du salaire de base, etc. ? Faut-il augmenter les cotisations, par une augmentation des taux ou un élargissement des assiettes ? Ou faut-il faire les deux à la fois en reculant l’âge de départ à la retraite pour maintenir plus longtemps les salariés actifs (et donc augmenter les cotisations) tout en diminuant le nombre de retraités (donc diminuer les pensions) ? Puisque le problème de déficit est lié à l’insuffisance des cotisations par rapport aux prestations, ou symétriquement à l’excès des prestations par rapport aux cotisations, la réforme paramétrique consiste en la hausse des premières et la baisse des secondes.
En dehors de ces leviers, une institution en difficulté pourrait chercher à emprunter. Cependant, compte tenu de sa situation financière, cette solution est peu envisageable. Le gouvernement, en dernier recours, pourrait également apporter son soutien (par financement budgétaire ou par des garanties). Cette solution qui a été mainte fois utilisée a révélé ses limites : économiquement insoutenable et socialement injuste, car elle revient à faire financer par tous (à travers le budget de la nation) un problème qui ne concerne qu’une infime minorité (les 10 ou 15% de bénéficiaires des régimes de retraite).
La solution la plus raisonnable consiste à prendre des mesures courageuses et adéquates qui pourraient accroître les cotisations et baisser les prestations, à un degré économiquement efficace et socialement supportable.
Ajustement à la baisse ?
Il s’agit d’un long travail d’évaluation actuarielle qui conduit à identifier l’ensemble des mesures les plus cohérentes avec les contraintes du pays afin de formuler des propositions efficaces aux décideurs. Comme le rappelle l’étude de la Finactu et comme le démontre l’exemple de nombreux pays industrialisés, les réformes paramétriques à venir des régimes par répartition réviseront nécessairement à la baisse les formules de calcul des pensions, induisant une baisse significative des taux de remplacement des générations à venir. En d’autres termes, nos caisses ne pourront servir dans le futur les niveaux relatifs de pensions qu’ont connu nos aînés.
Cet ajustement à la baisse se fera-t-il homothétiquement (dans la même proportion pour tout le monde, riches et pauvres) ou sera-t-il concentré sur telle ou telle population ? La réponse est fournie par les pays industrialisés, qui ont quelques décennies d’avance en termes de réforme : en général, ces baisses touchent d’abord les hauts revenus. Trois arguments expliquent et justifient que la baisse des pensions se concentre sur les retraités aisés : ils offrent par construction des capacités contributives supérieures : il est plus facile de diminuer la pension d’un retraité «nanti» que celle d’un retraité «démuni» ; les retraités aisés sont ceux qui ont le plus bénéficié de la générosité passée des régimes par répartition, puisqu’ils sont ceux qui y ont le plus cotisé, et il est donc normal qu’ils soient aussi ceux qui contribuent le plus à sa réparation ; enfin, dans les systèmes élitistes de retraite que connaissent nos pays, les retraités aisés sont par nature les moins nombreux et ont donc une capacité de contestation politique moindre que la masse des petits retraités.
Synthèse de Djilali Hadjadj