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Renégociation des contrats gaziers: Pourquoi Sonatrach a lâché du lest - Algerie360
Selon certaines indiscrétions, les nouveaux contrats seraient indexés sur le prix spot du gaz en Europe, au niveau des hubs d’approvisionnement, et non plus sur le prix spot du pétrole.
Le P-DG de Sonatrach, Abdelmoumen Ould Kaddour, a annoncé, récemment, depuis Annaba, que l’Algérie a conclu de nouveaux contrats gaziers avec ses deux principaux clients, l’Espagne et l’Italie. Il a souligné que le contrat conclu avec l’Espagne, d’une durée de neuf ans, consiste à fournir à l’Espagne un débit annuel de 9 milliards de mètres cubes de gaz. L’accord conclu avec l’Italie porte, en revanche, sur un approvisionnement de 3 milliards de mètres cubes de gaz par an. Le patron du groupe public des hydrocarbures n’a soufflé mot sur la durée du contrat avec l’Italie. Encore moins sur le modèle de tarification retenu dans la renégociation des deux contrats. La question de la tarification n’est pas des moindres. Tout comme la durée des contrats renégociés par l’Algérie avec ses deux principaux partenaires européens. D’emblée, l’exercice s’annonçait acrobatique pour les négociateurs algériens, tant il est vrai que des contraintes se sont accumulées ces dernières années, obligeant Sonatrach à faire des concessions. L’équation s’annonçait, en effet, complexe pour Sonatrach qui fait face, désormais, à une concurrence accrue avec, comme ingrédients, la multiplication des fournisseurs, l’abandon des contrats de long terme et le principe d’indexation des prix du gaz à ceux du pétrole tant par les clients que par les fournisseurs, etc. Face à la montée de la concurrence, il était évident que Sonatrach fasse des concessions à même de pouvoir garder pied sur le Vieux Continent. Lesquelles concessions se traduisent, d’abord, par la révision à la baisse de la durée des contrats et, ensuite, par un modèle de tarification qui semble rompre avec les anciennes formules. Selon Mourad Preure, expert en énergie, les structures qui caractérisaient les contrats gaziers de long terme, dont la durée était de 25 années, l’indexation des prix du gaz à ceux du pétrole, la clause de destination… ne peuvent plus fonctionner aujourd’hui, compte tenu de l’évolution du marché mondial du gaz. Primo, il faut se rendre à l’évidence que le marché est dominé présentement à “70% par le spot (marché libre). Dans le même marché, il y a une coexistence du court terme et du long terme. Nous sommes là devant un contexte nouveau qui fait que les contrats de long terme sont de plus en plus décriés”, estime Mourad Preure, contacté par Liberté.
De nouveaux fournisseurs pour l’Europe
C’est un indicateur qui ne cesse d’alerter depuis quelques années déjà sur un marché en pleine mutation. Secundo, c’est un marché qui voit également l’arrivée de nouveaux entrants ; le Congrès américain a autorisé une capacité de liquéfaction de 54 millions de tonnes qui font des États-Unis un poids lourd qui pèsera de tout son poids sur les marchés de GNL (Gaz naturel liquéfié) ; il y a par-dessus tout de nouveaux entrants qui arrivent de l’est de l’Europe ; la Russie qui adopte une attitude plus agressive sur le marché européen, affichant des velléités de doubler les capacités du North Stream ; le Qatar qui fait des pieds et des mains pour évincer l’Algérie de l’échiquier gazier européen, etc. C’est dire “la forte pression qui caractérise le marché européen. Plusieurs fournisseurs s’y bousculent désormais et les structures qui conditionnaient jusqu’ici les contrats sont de plus en plus remises en cause”, fait constater Mourad Preure. Le groupe Sonatrach sera appelé ainsi à affronter des épreuves complexes pour défendre ses parts de marché en Europe. Depuis 2010, le pays a perdu du terrain au profit d’autres fournisseurs ; les parts de marché de l’Algérie sont passées de 16% en 2010 à 8% aujourd’hui. La Russie, elle seule, accapare 23% des parts de marché, la Norvège en conserve 19%, tandis que le Qatar occupe 4% des parts du marché européen, mais avec des capacités de liquéfaction installées de 77 millions de tonnes/an, la monarchie du Golfe entend bousculer certains fournisseurs comme l’Algérie en expédiant des volumes supplémentaires à destination du Vieux Continent. Comment s’adapter à l’évolution du marché ? Comment faire pour défendre ses parts de marché et honorer ses engagements avec ses partenaires européens ? Comment renégocier ses contrats de sorte à ce que l’incidence sur la balance commerciale des prochaines années ne soit pas négative ? C’est tout l’enjeu du groupe public des hydrocarbures qui tente de réécrire les textes régissant l’investissement étranger à même de renforcer sa marge de manœuvre. C’est encore une bataille, celle de garantir des débouchés à son gaz, que Sonatrach doit mener désormais sur le Vieux Continent.
Déclin de la production
Mais que dire de la production algérienne, de la consommation interne qui évolue à vive allure, ainsi que de l’état de l’amont gazier, etc. ? Ce sont là de nouvelles alertes qui ne cessaient de mettre en demeure le groupe Sonatrach qui “n’a pas assez investi dans le développement gazier”, estime Mourad Preure, expert en énergie. La compagnie publique des hydrocarbures, qui est restée jusqu’à présent très discrète sur les termes des deux contrats gaziers conclus avec l’Espagne et l’Italie, n’a pas non plus levé le bout du voile sur sa future politique gazière conçue en réponse aux nouvelles donnes du marché. Pour Mourad Preure, le principal défi auquel est confronté Sonatrach est celui de garantir des débouchés à son gaz, indépendamment des autres défis liés à la production et à la couverture des besoins internes. “Et pour défendre les débouchés européens au gaz algérien, Sonatrach doit faire des concessions”, estime notre interlocuteur. La concession la plus perceptible, notée au crayon feutre dans les deux premiers contrats conclus avec l’Italie et l’Espagne, est liée à la durée de ces mêmes contrats. L’autre concession serait liée à la tarification du gaz vendu à l’Italie et à l’Espagne. Selon certaines indiscrétions, les nouveaux contrats seraient indexés sur le prix spot du gaz en Europe, au niveau des hubs d’approvisionnement, et non plus sur le prix spot du pétrole. C’est que certaines clauses, qui ont caractérisé les précédents contrats, sont de plus en plus décriées par les pays acheteurs. Face à ses clients traditionnels qui n’hésitaient plus à dire leur volonté de diversifier leurs fournisseurs, Sonatrach était confrontée à un dilemme cornélien ; ou bien le groupe fait des concessions dans la renégociation de ses contrats ou bien il perd davantage au profit des concurrents. “Sonatrach doit savoir manœuvrer sur un marché devenu extrêmement compétitif. Il doit s’adapter à l’évolution de ce marché ; imposer une indexation sur les prix du pétrole lorsqu’il peut le faire et appliquer des prix spot lorsqu’il doit le faire. Il s’agit de préserver ses parts de marché et garantir des débouchés à son gaz”, explique Mourad Preure. Au-delà des exigences qu’impose un marché décidément extrêmement compétitif, Sonatrach est sérieusement mise en demeure quant à la baisse de sa production gazière. Ce déclin aurait d’ailleurs mis Sonatrach en position de faiblesse, lors de ses précédentes négociations avec l’Espagne et l’Italie.
Ali Titouche