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Quelle dose de café ne faut-il pas dépasser au quotidien? - Algerie360
Connue pour ses propriétés stimulantes, la caféine ne doit pas se consommer en trop grandes quantités en raison de ces risques pour la santé. Si ces derniers sont avérés, les seuils à ne pas dépasser demeuraient flous tant les études sont nombreuses sur le sujet. Une étude de grande envergure répond pour de bon à cette question.
La caféine est naturellement présente dans plus de 60 plantes dont le thé, le kola, le guarana, le maté et surtout le café, qui représente 80% des apports provenant de l’alimentation courante selon l’Anses. Il s’agit de l’une des boissons les plus populaires en raison de ses propriétés: elle stimule le système nerveux central, augmente la vigilance et réduit la somnolence.
Mais consommé en quantités trop importantes, le café peut aussi être responsable d’effets indésirables, notamment cardiovasculaires, psychocomportementaux et neurologiques. La question est donc de savoir combien de caféine peut-on consommer sans risques, et ce en fonction de populations spécifiques (femmes enceintes, adolescents…). Depuis plusieurs années, de nombreux chercheurs s’intéressent donc à cette question.
En mai 2015, des experts de l’Efsa ont notamment conclu que des apports allant jusqu’à 400 mg par jour ne soulèvent pas de problème de sécurité pour les adultes en bonne santé, à l’exception des femmes enceintes. Une nouvelle étude menée par des experts de l’International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) North America, une organisation à but non lucrative, va dans ce sens après avoir analysé en détails cinq effets néfastes que peut provoquer la caféine sur l’organisme: toxicité générale, effets cardiovasculaires, os et calcium, comportement et toxicité pour la reproduction et le développement.
Pas plus de 400g par jour Les résultats basés sur l’analyse de centaines d’études publiées entre 2001et 2015 montrent que ces effets nocifs ne sont pas associés à la caféine si le niveau d’absorption ne dépasse pas 400mg par jour chez les adultes, soit l’équivalent de quatre tasses de café. Cette dose quotidienne doit en revanche s’avérer moins importante pour les femmes enceintes (pas plus de 300mg par jour) et ne pas dépasser 2,5 grammes pour les adolescents.
Les chercheurs concluent que, ce seuil étant désormais défini avec précision, les futures études doivent désormais s’intéresser aux personnes sensibles aux effets de la caféine, présentant certaines pathologies et à la problématique de la variabilité individuelle. En effet, « il existe d’importantes différences interindividuelles en réponse à la prise de caféine, aussi bien en ce qui concerne son impact sur le retard de l’endormissement et la qualité du sommeil ou ses effets attendus sur les performances physiques », explique l’Anses à ce sujet.
Celle-ci précise: « Cette variabilité est notamment liée au génotype, à l’état physiologique, aux habitudes de consommation de caféine, et à des co-expositions telles que le tabagisme ou la prise de médicaments. Elle rend difficilement appréciables les doses journalières à ne pas dépasser pour préserver l’état de santé. » Chez une personne présentant une maladie hépatique, les effets indésirables de la caféine peuvent par exemple être majorés.
Alimentation, alcool… d’autres recherches à mener « Cette revue fournit des preuves qui favorisent notre compréhension de la caféine sur la santé humaine, explique le Dr Eric Hentges, directeur exécutif, de ILSI Amérique du Nord. En outre, elle fournit des données précieuses pour soutenir le développement de recherches futures sur la sécurité de la caféine qui auront un impact sur la santé publique. La transparence avec laquelle les données ont été partagées encouragera d’autres chercheurs à bâtir sur ce travail « .
Pour les scientifiques, cette découverte peut avoir de véritables applications puisqu’elle donne aux chercheurs, agences sanitaires, médecins et diététiciens une valeur de référence pour évaluer la sécurité d’un aliment ou d’un ingrédient. Les experts ne se sont en revanche pas penchés sur les risques cancérigènes de la caféine, ni sur ses avantages potentiels.
« L’objectif était de résumer les progrès récents dans la recherche et de caractériser la pharmacocinétique (PK) (comment le corps manipule la caféine) en ce qui concerne les cinq effets indésirables », soulignent-ils. Ils reconnaissent également une limite à leurs conclusions: « Nous avons étudié les effets de la consommation de caféine sans tenir compte de toute distinction possible parmi les sources alimentaires de caféine. », déclarent-ils. Leur analyse n’a pas non plus tenu compte des effets de l’apport de caféine avec d’autres substances comme l’alcool.
Des contre-indications claires L’Efsa a répondu à la première question dans son rapport en précisant que « des doses individuelles de caféine jusqu’à 200mg, environ 3 mg par kilogramme de poids corporel, toutes sources confondues ne soulèvent pas de problème de sécurité pour une population adulte en bonne santé. »
Quant à l’alcool, l’Anses recommande de ne pas l’associer avec des boissons énergisantes car « chez des personnes prédisposées, l’alcool a tendance à potentialiser les troubles du rythme cardiaque induits par la caféine » qu’elles contiennent. Cette association expose aussi aux risques de déshydratation et d’altération de la fonction rénale. Les boissons énergisantes en elles-mêmes ne doivent par ailleurs pas être consommées avant une activité physique.