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Pourquoi l’Aurès est-il marginalisé dans le combat identitaire et linguistique ? - Algerie360
J’étais enfant, je vivais à Aïn Beïda avec ma famille qui s’y était installée le 4 juillet 1962 venant de la région de Chéchar, au sud-est de l’Aurès. A Chéchar, je ne parlais que tamazight. Je ne savais de l’arabe que des sons de quelques sourate du Coran et ceux de quelques poèmes épiques dont je ne connaissais ni les articulations ni le sens.
A Aïn Beïda, nous vivions chez mon oncle paternel dont les enfants, tout autant que les enfants du quartier, nous traitaient de «Chaouis», alors qu’ils étaient tous Chaouis. C’est ainsi que, jour après jour, insulte après insulte, tout au long de plusieurs années, j’ai développé un semblant de complexe vis-à-vis de mes origines, de ma langue, de mon identité que je cachais, que je ne vivais que clandestinement dans le cocon familial, loin des regards méprisants et insultants, d’autant plus que ma condition sociale ne m’aidait pas à compenser cette «tare» chaouie par une aisance matérielle de parade.
Combien y a-t-il de personnes parmi vous qui ont vécu cette situation ? Combien de familles chaouies ont-elles été contraintes de parler arabe pour cacher leurs origines chaouies ? Je n’ai jamais renié mon identité et ma langue mais je les avais mises au placard en attendant des jours meilleurs, un peu comme l’idéal de liberté que les militants de l’Etoile Nord-Africaine puis du PPA-MTLD caressaient clandestinement jusqu’à la nuit du 1er novembre 1954.
C’est à Alger, après avoir fréquenté les Kabyles, que j’ai sorti ma tenue identitaire du placard pour la mettre et l’afficher au grand jour, advienne que pourra. Avec Kamal Hammouda et l’artiste Ithri, nous étions les trois Chaouis qui s’étaient impliqués, avec autant de conviction que de force, dans le printemps amazigh qui a explosé en millions de fleurs à travers toute l’Algérie.
Au début de l’ouverture politique au lendemain d’Octobre 1988, un séminaire sur la question Amazigh était programmé à Batna, dans le but justement de désenclaver la revendication identitaire et linguistique trop longtemps confinée à la région de Kabylie. Une personnalité notable de Batna s’était fermement opposée à la tenue de cette manifestation dans la capitale des Aurès, au risque d’en faire, pour quelques jours, la capitale des Amazighs en braquant les feux de la rampe sur une ville et une région dont certains notables lui refusent le droit d’assumer son identité, son appartenance historique, sa langue et sa réalité.
L’Aurès, qui ne se limite pas au relief géographique puisque il est le cœur battant de tous les Chaouis qui s’en réclament de Souk Ahras à T’houda, de Bir El Ater au Plaines de Sétif, semble être victime de la volonté de ses propres enfants, notamment les plus influents et qui ont participé, d’une manière ou d’une autre, à la mystification de l’identité nationale et à la mythification de l’arabité de l’Algérie que le wahabisme et le baâthisme ont volontairement confondue avec l’Islam et la langue arabe.
C’est à ce titre que certains notables de tribus de l’Aurès oriental et septentrional, affirment être des Chorfa, se réclamant d’une lignée noble descendant du Prophète. Si ce mythe a été entretenu pour des raisons mercantilistes et d’élitisme évident, il n’en demeure pas moins qu’il a participé à travestir la mémoire collective, à occulter l’histoire sociologique et anthropologique des Aurès et, plus grave encore, à développer de facto une attitude méprisante de soi chez les Chaouis, et ce, pendant des décennies, voire des siècles.
Si les Marabouts chez les Kabyles se sont longtemps imposés comme des catégories sociales privilégiées, ils n’ont jamais remis en cause leurs origines amazighes, ni méprisé leur langue ou culture. En fait, le mépris de soi est plus profond que cela en a l’air.
Le syndrome de T’houda
Le syndrome de T’houda est assez éloquent quant à la capacité du vainqueur à culpabiliser le vaincu pour faire de la victime le coupable et de l’agresseur la victime, à tel enseigne que c’est Oqba qui est consacré, honoré, célébré alors que Kousseila, Akhsel sont occultés, honnis, bannis.
Dès qu’un peuple accepte cette inversion de valeurs, dès lors qu’il admet que ses héros soient réduits à des reliques folkloriques et que ses conquérants soient mis sur le piédestal et le podium de l’Histoire, alors il n’est pas étonnant que l’Aurès, symbole de la résistance contre tous les envahisseurs depuis les Phéniciens jusqu’aux Français, ne se souvienne que de son épopée durant la guerre de Libération nationale. L’Aurès a enfanté pourtant des héros de tout temps. L’Aurès semble oublier que le plus lointain chef amazigh que toute la Berbèrie, de l’oasis de Siwa aux Îles Canaries, connaisse aujourd’hui et en garde les traces, est enterré à une trentaine de kilomètres de cette ville et qui n’est autre que Medghassen.
Avant Dihia Adhmouth et Akhsel, hélas folklorisés à outrance, Gaya, le père de Massensen, est originaire de l’Aurès. Lorsque la Numidie a été romanisée et christianisée, la première expression de l’Eglise populaire et révolutionnaire contre les féodaux romains et leurs alliés locaux comme Saint Augustin, était le mouvement des donatistes qui avait largement traversé et marqué l’espace auressien. Pourquoi toute cette richesse de l’histoire de l’Aurès est occultée par certains et ignorée par la majorité ?
Lorsque certains pseudo intellectuels originaires des Aurès, affirment que l’amazighité de l’Algérie est un mythe et que les habitants du Maghreb sont venus du Yémen, sans fournir aucune preuve scientifique tangible, que pourrait penser le citoyen lambda des efforts de quelques activistes du mouvement identitaire amazigh qui essayent, avec des moyens réduits, et des difficultés énormes, de toucher le maximum de citoyens, de dépoussiérer l’histoire réelle et vérifiable de l’Algérie et de l’Aurès ?
Lorsque des prédicateurs wahabites disposant de moyens audiovisuels colossaux, émettent des édits sous forme de fatwas que parler toute autre langue que l’arabe est illicite et que l’arabe est la seule langue du Paradis, que reste-t-il au simple croyant qui ne lui reste que l’espoir de l’au-delà pour goûter aux plaisirs interdits ici-bas ? Lorsque la religion est perçue, grâce aux prédicateurs wahabites et islamo-baâthistes, comme une identité sacrée, quelle place est-il laissée à l’identité ancestrale souillée, salie, réduite à un folklore saisonnier ?
Objets folkloriques
L’Aurès et ses populations sont perçues comme des héros de la guerre de Libération nationale, comme des gens de nif et de parole, comme les gardiens de certaines valeurs de fierté, de bravoure et d’altruisme qui se perdent ailleurs. Cependant, cette perception cache mal une arrière-pensée qui fait des Chaouis en général des reliques à garder dans un musée, des objets folkloriques à mettre en évidence occasionnellement.
Dès lors que des fils de l’Aurès osent sortir la tête du lot pour dire que les Chaouis sont surtout des Amazighs fiers de leur identité, de leur langue, de leur histoire, les premiers qui oppriment ces «transfuges» et qui étouffent ces voix discordantes, sont les Chaouis eux-mêmes qui préfèrent afficher l’appartenance à une civilisation arabe plus valorisante, à une Nation arabe plus porteuse, à un espace linguistique arabe plus inclusif et intégré.
S’agit-il d’un mépris de soi ou d’une option stratégique pour le développement ? Les adeptes de l’option stratégique qui consiste à intégrer le monde arabe, estiment que l’Amazighité est une référence éculée et dépassée aussi bien en tant qu’identité que comme langue qui est incapable d’être un instrument d’acquisition des connaissances et de maîtrise des sciences et des technologies. Cet argumentaire est un long détour qui cache mal une attitude d’auto-flagellation et de mépris de soi, au-delà de la méconnaissance de la sociolinguistique et de la capacité des langues à évoluer et à s’adapter, pour peu qu’elles soient vivantes et libérées de la sacralité et du traditionalisme abortif.
Au final, les deux attitudes se rejoignent et expliquent l’indigence de la dynamique émancipatrice de l’identité et de la langue amazighe dans la région de l’Aurès. Je fais allusion, par-là, non pas à l’existence de plus en plus dense d’associations liées à la question identitaire et à l’activisme pour la constitutionnalisation de l’amazighité, langue et identité, mais à une vie culturelle, scientifique et sociale où l’Amazighité est manifeste dans toutes ses formes d’expression.