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Partage d’infrastructures télécoms Un passage obligé pour réduire les dépenses en devises - Algerie360
En 2016 et 2017, plus de 1,32 milliard de dollars ont été investis par les opérateurs de téléphonie mobile et fixe, selon les derniers chiffres de l’ARPT. Le gros de cet investissement est à attribuer à l’achat d’équipements en devises. En cette période de rareté des ressources, un partage des infrastructures entre opérateurs est plus que nécessaire pour réduire les dépenses et gagner en couverture de réseaux mobiles. Une question de bon sens…
Les récents chiffres publiés par l’Autorité de régulation de la poste et des télécommunications (ARPT) montrent l’ampleur des investissements consentis par les opérateurs de téléphonie fixe et mobile : 62 milliards DA (environ 550 millions $) en 2017 et 87 milliards DA (environ 770 millions $) en 2016. «Pour la période allant de 2001 à 2017, le montant cumulé des investissements bruts réalisés par les opérateurs de téléphonie fixe et mobile s’élève à 1235 milliards DA, soit environ 11 milliards USD.» Si la mutualisation des infrastructures avaient été adoptée pour la 2G et 3G (puisqu’elle est autorisée pour la 4G), il aurait été possible d’éviter les dépenses inutiles (là où cela est possible) et d’élargir la couverture réseau (y compris fixe) aux populations les plus reculées. L’ARPT note une «baisse de 29%» des investissements consentis en 2017 par rapport à 2016. «Cette baisse s’explique notamment par l’acquisition en 2016 des licences 4G par les 3 opérateurs de téléphonie mobile, ainsi que par le volume important des investissements réalisés durant la même année, par les opérateurs de téléphonie mobile», affirme le document du régulateur. Tout porte à croire que ces investissements vont encore diminuer, ou stagner tout au mieux. Car les efforts individuels de chaque opérateur ne sont pas tenables à moyen terme. Une des raisons, c’est la parité dinar avec les devises (dollar et euro), ce qui nécessite des montants plus importants en dinar pour avoir l’équivalent en devises nécessaire à l’importation des équipements. En conséquence, les opérateurs mobiles doivent faire des choix restreints des sites pour l’installation de leurs équipements. Ce qui n’est pas de nature à permettre une plus grande couverture de la population. Sans compter la répercussion des coûts sur le consommateur final.
La mutualisation, une pratique internationale
Loin d’être une hérésie, le partage ou la mutualisation des infrastructures est une pratique internationale entre opérateurs. Dans plusieurs pays, le partage, quand il est possible, est une obligation édictée par le régulateur. Ce modèle d’architecture de réseaux et de leur gestion permet un partage passif et actif des éléments de réseaux. Le partage passif concerne les espaces physiques (bâtiments, sites, pylônes…), alors que les équipements de réseaux des opérateurs restent distincts. Quant au partage actif, il implique la mutualisation d’éléments de la couche active des réseaux mobiles, tels que les antennes, les stations de base, voire des éléments du réseau central. Et c’est cette forme de partage qui mène vers l’itinérance mobile, ou le roaming national, qui permet à un opérateur d’utiliser le réseau d’un autre opérateur là où il ne dispose pas de couverture ou d’infrastructures qui lui appartiennent en propre. Le roaming national est déjà une pratique dans les grandes économies. Il fait même partie des recommandations des instances des télécoms nationales. Mieux, depuis juin 2017, les frais d’itinérance au sein des pays de l’Union européenne sont désormais de l’histoire ancienne.
Réticences algériennes
Pour des considérations financières et environnementales, l’enjeu du partage d’infrastructures est de taille pour les opérateurs dans le cadre du développement de leurs activités en raison de l’étendue du territoire du pays à couvrir et de l’importance des investissements en devises. Au moment où il est question de «rationalisation des dépenses», particulièrement dans le contexte économique actuel, le partage des infrastructures, autorisé uniquement pour la 4G, reste ignoré pour les segments de la 2G et de la 3G de la téléphonie mobile. Alors que de toute évidence, sa mise en place va faire gagner plusieurs centaines de millions de dollars aux opérateurs et donc aux réserves de change de l’Algérie. L’interdiction de la mutualisation des équipements dans la 2G et la 3G mène vers la duplication inutile des infrastructures qui ne peut être profitable qu’aux équipementiers. Car la répercussion de la facture se fera inévitablement sur l’usager. Son instauration devrait permettre l’accroissement des offres, ainsi que la réduction des coûts des services grâce à la réduction du Capex (dépenses d’investissement) et de l’Opex (dépenses d’exploitation). La création du Groupe Télécom Algérie (GTA) en est la preuve. La mise en place de cette entité publique a comme principale mission la consolidation et l’optimisation des ressources techniques des entreprises du groupe (Algérie Télécom/Algérie Télécom Mobile/Algérie Télécom Satellite). Intervenant lors de l’émission «L’invité de la rédaction» de la Chaîne 3 de la Radio algérienne, le P-dg du Groupe Algérie Télécom (GTA), M. Ahmed Choudar, a d’ailleurs expliqué ce redéploiement par la nécessité «d’optimiser et de mutualiser les infrastructures» des entreprises du groupe. La généralisation de la mutualisation des infrastructures télécoms, qui ne devrait pas se limiter aux filiales de GTA mais à l’ensemble des réseaux des opérateurs mobiles, doit être la priorité des prochaines mises à jour de la réglementation.
A. Z.