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Manifestations du 11 décembre 1960 : Un avant-goût de l’indépendance - Algerie360
«Jetez la Révolution dans la rue et elle sera portée à bras le corps par tout le peuple». Cette phrase prémonitoire d’un des chefs historiques, Larbi Ben M’hidi, a finalement pris forme en ce dimanche 11 décembre 1960.
Quatre années auparavant, la France vivait sous la quatrième république et Alger sous la botte de la soldatesque coloniale. Les paras de Massu et Bigeard en usant de torture et d’assassinats de simples citoyens ou de personnalités de plan comme Ben Mhidi ou l’avocat Ali Boumendjel ont pu rétablir l’ordre. Le régime de De Gaulle, arrivé au pouvoir cherchait en lançant de grandes opérations (Pierres précieuses, Jumelles, Etendard,) à détruire l’ossature de l’ALN déjà coupée de ses sources d’approvisionnement en armes par les barbelés des lignes électrifiées Challe et Morice courant sur des centaines de kilomètres sur les frontières Est et Ouest.
Ceux qu’on désignait comme Pieds noirs exultaient. Pour les activistes qui n’ont jamais accepté une évolution qui viendrait conforter les droits des Algériens, ils se croyaient assez fort pour s’imposer à ces «vendus de Paris » qui voulaient brader l’Algérie. Depuis le début de la guerre de Libération, ils se sont déjà manifestés au début de 1956 en arrosant de tomates le président du conseil, le socialiste Guy Mollet qui a renvoyé le général Catroux qui devait être nommé ministre résident en Algérie, lui-même sera soumis au diktat de ces milieux qui refusèrent depuis des décennies les réformes. En Mai 1958, un comité de salut public est déclaré à Alger pour se substituer au pouvoir légal. Alors, les intrigues vont s’accélérer pour faire face aux bradeurs qui osaient évoquer le droit à l’autodétermination et exprimaient une quelconque velléité de remise en cause des privilèges de la minorité.
C’est dans un tel contexte où l’ALN est affaiblie et où les ultras croient enfin pouvoir asséner le coup de grâce au FLN-ALN que surviennent les grandioses manifestations du 11 décembre 1960, Dans son livre «L’Algérie à Evian», Redha Malek écrit «Avec De Gaulle on assiste à un changement dans le style et dans la nature de l’approche». Il prône en octobre 1958 la paix des braves avant de proposer tout en ne renonçant pas à l’effort de guerre l’autodétermination en Septembre au peuple Algérien.
«LE VÉRITABLE RÉFÉRENDUM A EU LIEU LE 1ER NOVEMBRE 1954»
En ce mois de décembre 1960 à Alger, l’atmosphère est lourde, Le référendum sur l’autodétermination se déroulera lors de la première semaine de janvier 1961. Le FLN a appelé au boycott. Pour reprendre les mots d’un tract diffusé alors
«le véritable référendum a eu lieu le 1 er Novembre 1954». C’est dans ce contexte que le gouvernement français engagé dans un processus de négociations qui allait prendre sa vitesse de croisière l’année suivante allait affronter les manifestations de décembre 1960. Dès le 9 Décembre le général De Gaulle était en visite en Algérie. Les partisans de l’Algérie française depuis des mois avaient introduit une nouvelle manière d’exprimer leur refus de la politique du général. Ils tapaient sur des casseroles et scandaient «Algérie Française».
Tout a commencé le samedi 10 décembre, une belle journée ensoleilléé. Il était environ quinze heures quand devant le Monoprix au cœur de Belcourt un adjudant français en retraite voulait contrôler deux Algériens qui refusèrent d’exhiber leurs papiers. Une altercation s’ensuivit et les badeaux accoururent. Un homme voulut conduire l’adjudant vers la SAU, un organisme chargé du contrôle de la population.
C’est alors qu’un jeune européen subtilisa le révolver de l’adjudant et tira sur l’homme. Une étincelle qui fit allumer une atmosphère déjà électrifiée depuis des mois. On s’échangeait des quolibets et des accusations de part et d’autre. Les manifestations furent à l’origine d’un mouvement spontané que les militants du FLN firent vite de récupérer pour proposer dès la veille le slogan «Algérie musulmane» qu’on entendra le lendemain quand des milliers de personnes vont déferler des hauteurs de Belcourt et Salembier . Le 10 décembre où un couvre-feu fut décrété, peu avant 20h00 des manifestants s’en prirent déjà à des dépôts appartenant au Monoprix et au torréfacteur Nizière. L’atmosphère était déjà à l’émeute des Annasers et au Clos Salembier.
UNE CONSCIENCE RAFFERMIE
Le FLN embusqué voulait reprendre l’initiative politique et ses responsables comme le capitaine Si Zoubir et le lieutenant Si Djamel vont inspirer les méthodes d’organisation et les slogans. Les manifestants dont des centaines de femmes se sont donnés rendez-vous à 10 Heures le dimanche 11 septembre.
De la rue Marey qui débouche sur la rue de Lyon actuel boulevard Belouizdad sort un jeune Algérien arborant un immense drapeau national. Les parachutistes étaient sur le pied de guerre mais les tirs sur les manifestants proviendront aussi des civils notamment à la rue Auguste Comte. Même scène de révolte au Salemebier où les militants du FLN vont organiser les masses qui voulaient en découdre.
En résumé, le FLN n’était pas à l’origine des manifestations mais il a vite pris le train en marche pour encadrer les manifestations, inspirer les mots d’ordre. Lakhdar Bouregaa dans ses mémoires cite une ferme de la région de Birtouta ou s’était préparée la grève et énumère les noms de militants comme Mohamed Teguia, Bousmaha qui furent affectés à cette mission. Il fallait capitaliser politiquement cette manifestation et prouver l’attachement des Algériens à leur liberté.
Les militaires français avaient beau marquer des points, la conscience politique des Algériens ne s’était pas affaiblie. Le dernier quart d’heure, cher à ses stratèges, avait commencé pour le colonialisme qui par une telle démonstration a pris conscience que tout était perdu. L’OAS qui avait ses racines dans les quartiers européens s’engagera dans la voie du suicide.
La liesse des manifestations du 11 décembre furent un avant- goût des clameurs qui accueilleront l’aube de l’indépendance.