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«Les hôtels algériens sont les plus chers au Maghreb» - Algerie360
Après une carrière de plus de 40 ans dans le secteur du tourisme, Saïd Boukhelifa vient d’achever un livre consacré au tourisme algérien qui sortirait au début 2016, intitulé Mémoires touristiques algériennes1962-2015. L’auteur, ancien conseiller au ministère du Tourisme, a bien voulu nous faire une succincte rétrospective du passé et une analyse du présent avec une projection dans le futur. Il faudra du temps, de la conviction, de la volonté et surtout des compétences pour espérer reconstruire
la destination Algérie. A l’horizon 2030 peut-être ?
Le Temps d’Algérie : Certains évoquent les années soixante-dix comme étant l’âge d’or du tourisme algérien, votre avis…
Saïd Boukhelifa : En effet, l’Algérie touristique a connu trois phases, celles que je désignerai en tant que décade prodigieuse 1970-1980. C’est la résultante de la charte du tourisme de 1966, élaborée sous la direction d’un grand ministre par sa taille et par sa clairvoyance, en l’occurrence Abdelaziz Maoui. Il avait fait appel à un architecte de génie, Fernand Pouillon, qui avait opté pour la religion musulmane avant l’Indépendance puis juste après, il s’était naturalisé algérien, pour construire les fameux grands complexes balnéaires de Sidi Fredj, Zéralda, les Andalouses d’Oran, les Hammadites à Béjaïa, El Mordjane à El Kala, les hôtels sahariens… etc. A l’époque, au cours des années 1973-1977, nos complexes balnéaires étaient complets chaque été par les arrivées de nombreux charters de touristes suédois, hollandais, suisses etc. L’Espagne franquiste ne nous envoyait pas de touristes. Les hôtels du Sud ne désemplissaient pas durant toute l’année, même en été !
En avril – mai à Alger, les restaurants-bars Novelty, Milk-Bar, Bristol, Coq hardi, Kenko, Borabora voyaient leurs terrasses bondées de touristes. D’autres s’asseyaient sur les escaliers de la Grande-Poste, profitant des rayons du soleil sous l’œil incrédule de l’agent de police qui, dans sa guérite, régulait la circulation au carrefour. On refusait du monde à cette époque car nous étions complets au Sud comme au Nord six mois à l’avance. L’Algérie était au diapason de la Tunisie, du Portugal, de la Grèce, du Maroc et mieux lotie que la Turquie. Nous étions très fiers à Sonatour ATA et Altour et il y avait de quoi l’être. Le film Les vacances de l’inspecteur Tahar, tourné en partie à l’hôtel Les sables d’or à Zéralda, 4 étoiles jadis, aujourd’hui 2 étoiles, est là pour témoigner car les nombreux touristes étrangers n’étaient pas des figurants mais de vrais touristes. Naguère, on savait bien accueillir dans nos aéroports d’abord, ensuite dans nos hôtels et restaurants, le service était bon.
Le tout était adossé à une culture touristique ambiante qui a disparu de nos jours. Maintenant, j’aborde la deuxième phase, la plus longue et surtout celle de la décrépitude, voire de la déliquescence annoncée 1981-1986, période déclinante puis une embellie furtive 1986-1991 puis les années tragiques 1992-2004. Les pouvoirs publics se mettaient aux abonnés absents. Plus de rénovation d’hôtels, plus de constructions depuis 1982, plus de nouveaux hôtels pour les touristes, plus de formation de qualité plus de promotion attractive à l’étranger. Ironie du sort, c’était le terrorisme qui en faisait la promotion mais d’une manière macabre durant la décade sanglante. De 2004 à 2008, période de tâtonnements et d’atermoiements. Donc de 1981 à 2008, lancinante traversée de non-tourisme, l’Algérie avait désappris à faire du tourisme ! Maintenant, passons à la troisième phase, celle de la reconstruction 2008-2030. L’Algérie est en train de réapprendre à faire du tourisme, ce sera long dans la durée, le temps d’une nouvelle génération, car il y a des villes et des villages dans l’Algérie profonde qui n’ont plus revu d’autocars de touristes depuis deux décennies.
On parle depuis 2008 d’un schéma directeur d’aménagement touristique à l’horizon 2030. Où en est le projet ?
C’est une question de volonté politique réelle. Quand je dis réelle, il faudrait que les grands responsables qui travaillent au sein de l’Etat et du gouvernement soient convaincus. Il y a une dizaine de secteurs qui sont concernés, les Transports, l’Intérieur et les collectivités locales, la Culture… etc. Les responsables des communes et des wilayas doivent être convaincus aussi de l’utilité du tourisme et de son impact sur les plans économique et social. C’est ce qu’on appelle l’intersectorialité et la transversalité. Il ne faudrait pas que cette volonté politique demeure textuelle, il faudrait qu’elle soit factuelle, c’est-à-dire matérialisée dans les faits sur les 48 wilayas. Très peu croient au tourisme et on peut les compter sur les bouts des doigts. La volonté politique existe au niveau du Schéma directeur de l’aménagement touristique (Sdat), élaboré en 2008.
C’était le couronnement de quatre assises régionales où tous les concernés – hôteliers, voyagistes, offices de tourisme, universitaires – ont fait des propositions qui ont servi à l’élaboration d’une feuille de route pour le développement du tourisme. Auparavant, pendant 30 ans, on avait navigué à vue.
Il n’y avait pas de politique touristique bien pensée et bien structurée. C’était surtout des velléités sporadiques sans lendemain. Aujourd’hui, le Sdat est une sorte de boussole magique. On ne peut pas dire qu’il n’y a pas de politique touristique. Elle existe mais on ne la voit pas sur le terrain parce que beaucoup de hauts fonctionnaires ne sont pas convaincus. Et sans la conviction, adossés à des compétences avérées, on ne pourra pas concrétiser le Sdat 2030. La destination Algérie comme toutes les destinations ailleurs, se construit ou se reconstruit sur une durée minimum de 20 ans. Le temps de construire les hôtels qu’il faut, de former ou de recycler le personnel et de réinculquer une culture touristique qui s’est effilochée, étiolée.
Ne pensez-vous pas qu’il y a un manque de compétences dans les métiers du tourisme et de l’hôtellerie ?
Effectivement, l’une des faiblesses de la destination Algérie est l’insuffisance de personnes formées, compétentes et possédant l’expérience nécessaire pour occuper les postes qui sont les leurs. Je parle de tous les niveaux, du réceptionniste au manager, en passant par les maîtres d’hôtel, le directeur de restauration, la gouvernante… etc. C’est un travail de longue haleine. En Tunisie, un hôtel 3 étoiles doit avoir, au minimum, 16 employés diplômés. Une gouvernante doit avoir un BTS (Brevet de technicien supérieur en tourisme) qu’on obtient au bout de trois ans d’études après le bac. La gouvernante doit savoir les bienfaits du tourisme sur tous les plans. C’est au bout de la troisième année qu’elle commence à étudier les techniques et les normes de l’hygiène. Chez nous, en revanche, on exige juste que le directeur soit diplômé de l’Ecole supérieur du tourisme, pour les hôtels de 3 à 5 étoiles. Un directeur ne peut rien faire si autour de lui, il n’y a pas de personnel formé.
Les écoles de tourisme publiques en Algérie n’ont-elles pas formé suffisamment de cadres supérieurs, de techniciens et d’agents ?
L’Ecole supérieure de tourisme (EST) d’El Aurassi a formé, depuis son ouverture en 1976, près de 1300 cadres (licenciés en gestion hôtelière). Les écoles de Tizi Ouzou et de Bou Saâda ont formé quelque 8000 cadres. On a donc formé en tout environ 10 000 ressources entre cadres, agents d’exécution, techniciens et agents de maîtrise.
Cela apparaît suffisant mais il y a eu une déperdition. Ces ressources sont parties travailler ailleurs, dans les bases des compagnies pétrolières au sud du pays mais aussi à l’étranger.
Les touristes algériens préfèrent passer leurs vacances à l’étranger, notamment en Tunisie et en Turquie. Comment expliquez-vous cet état de fait ?
Les hôtels algériens sont les plus chers au Maghreb et parmi les plus chers au niveau du bassin méditerranéen. C’est un frein au développement du tourisme en faveur des nationaux, ce qui les incite à partir ailleurs pour des tarifs moins chers et pour une qualité de prestation supérieure. Ce paradoxe est le résultat des sous-capacités hôtelières. Nous avons actuellement en Algérie une capacité d’accueil de 93 000 lits dont plus de la moitié dans des établissements non classés. Ce qui a favorisé la spéculation tarifaire. Mais cela ne va pas durer parce qu’avec l’apparition de nouveaux hôtels de qualité, la décantation va se faire et les prix vont baisser.
Plusieurs professionnels estiment qu’avant de penser au tourisme réceptif, il faut tout d’abord développer le tourisme destiné aux nationaux. Partagez-vous cet avis ?
Le tourisme international ne peut se développer sans l’épanouissement du tourisme interne. Tous les pays qui ont réussi dans ce domaine ont commencé par développer le tourisme domestique. C’est une manière de faire des simulations et de tester les produits touristiques qui réussissent auprès des nationaux.
Et puis, le tourisme national servira de passage au tourisme réceptif. D’autant plus que pendant ces 10 dernières années, les Algériens sont devenus très exigeants parce qu’ils ont voyagé beaucoup. Ils ont vu ce qui se passe chez nos voisins marocains et tunisiens ainsi qu’en Turquie, en Egypte en Espagne et ailleurs où le rapport qualité – prix est attractif.
Il faut souligner que depuis 1981, on parle de développer le tourisme domestique mais jusqu’à aujourd’hui cela est resté au stade des vœux pieux car les infrastructures adaptées n’ont pas suivi. Le Touring club d’Algérie avait réussi au début des années 1980, en lançant huit terrains de camping aux normes et dotés de toutes les commodités mais, dix années après, les communes les reprirent pour en faire des centres décrépis et repoussants.
Le tourisme interne ne se développera qu’avec la volonté et l’adhésion des collectivités locales comme cela se fait ailleurs.
L’Algérie se trouve entre le Maroc et la Tunisie, deux pays qui ont une expérience avérée dans le tourisme. Est-ce qu’on ne peut pas concevoir des circuits maghrébins qui vont par exemple de la Tunisie jusqu’au Maroc, en passant par l’Algérie ?
Dans les années 1970, à l’époque de la grande Altour, il existait un circuit réalisé avec le Club méditerranée. Le circuit commence au Maroc puis entre en Algérie à travers la région de Figuig (Béchar) traverse le sud algérien avant d’aboutir en Tunisie. La traversée du Maghreb se faisait en trois semaines. A partir du Maroc, le circuit s’appelait «Taxi pour le désert» et au retour de Tunisie il s’appelait «Djerba la douce». On faisait aussi des circuits combinés, Algérie-Tunisie, Algérie-Maroc. Il y a beaucoup d’intérêt à revenir à cette expérience. Ça pourrait reprendre avec la Tunisie. D’ailleurs, actuellement, les Tunisiens ramènent leurs touristes à l’est algérien (Souk Ahras – Annaba) µpour se rendre sur les traces de Saint Augustin. Et c’est tant mieux.
Entretien réalisé par Hassiba R. Lamara