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Lachemi Siagh, spécialiste en stratégie et en financement internationaux: “L’évaluation de l’argent transféré illégalement est compliquée” - Algerie360
Expert en finances et en économie, spécialiste en stratégie et en financement internationaux, le professeur Lachemi Siagh nous livre, dans cet entretien, son analyse sur la problématique d’une possible récupération des fonds algériens détenus illicitement à l’étranger.
Liberté : Le nouveau ministre de la Justice a évoqué récemment des mécanismes dont disposerait, selon lui, l’Algérie pour récupérer les fonds illicites détenus à l’étranger. Ces mécanismes sont-ils suffisants ?
Lachemi Siagh : Il faut savoir que ce problème ne se pose pas pour la première fois. Plusieurs États y ont été confrontés récemment. Les cas de la Tunisie, de la Libye et de la Malaisie en sont des exemples instructifs. À mon avis, avant d’engager la moindre démarche il faut être bien préparé avec des dossiers bien ficelés sur le plan légal, financier et technique.
Il faudra dans ce processus tirer les leçons de nos expériences et de celles des autres. Il faudra faire le post mortem de l’opération Khalifa. Comment s’y est-on pris ? Qu’avons-nous accompli ? Ou pas accompli et pourquoi ? Le cas de la Tunisie et celui de la Libye ont démontré que c’est une tâche fastidieuse et longue et les fonds récupérés ne représentent qu’une petite partie des fonds spoliés. Il faudra tirer les leçons de ces deux expériences.
De même, il faudra étudier le cas malaisien qui, lui, a été couronné de succès et essayer de s’en inspirer. En effet le ministère de la Justice des États-Unis était intervenu en diligentant des enquêtes visant plusieurs banques, dont Goldman Sachs, en vue d’aider la Malaisie à récupérer près de 4,5 milliards de son fonds souverain détournés aux USA, en Suisse et au Luxembourg.
La Convention de l’Organisation des Nations unies (ONU) contre la corruption peut-elle servir de base pour la coopération avec d’autres États en vue de lancer une procédure de récupération des fonds algériens transférés illégalement à l’étranger ?
Effectivement cette convention de l’ONU est la première initiative prise au niveau mondial contre la corruption. Ses objectifs sont de promouvoir et de renforcer les mesures visant surtout à prévenir et à combattre la corruption de manière plus efficace ; de faciliter la coopération internationale et l’assistance technique par la prévention et la lutte contre la corruption, notamment par le recouvrement d’avoirs.
La Convention prévoit dans son chapitre V le recouvrement d’avoirs comme modalité globale de coopération internationale dans les affaires liées à la corruption. La restitution d’avoirs en application de ce chapitre y est reconnue comme “principe fondamental” et les parties doivent s’accorder mutuellement la coopération et l’assistance la plus étendue à cet égard. La Convention énonce des dispositions de fonds prévoyant des mesures et des mécanismes de coopération spécifiques pour le recouvrement d’avoirs.
En cas de soustraction de fonds publics, les biens confisqués doivent être restitués à la partie requérante. S’agissant du produit de toute autre infraction visée par la Convention, les biens confisqués sont restitués à la partie requérante lorsque cette dernière fournit des preuves de son droit de propriété́.
Bien que la Convention donne à l’expression “agent public” une définition large, elle ne définit pas la corruption, ce qui ménage une certaine liberté d’action aux États qui seraient appelés à y faire face, et une certaine souplesse dans les mesures à prendre en la matière compte tenu des circonstances.
Peut-on réellement quantifier et retracer les fonds transférés illicitement à l’étranger ?
Quantifier les fonds concernés est une question très difficile. Il y a des chiffres parfois fantaisistes qui ont été avancés par les uns et les autres. Tout chiffre avancé à ce stade n’est que pure spéculation au mieux une grossière approximation. Cerner ces montants est un processus long et compliqué. Il faudra au préalable retracer et faire l’inventaire des transactions qui ont servi de base à la surfacturation, au blanchiment et à l’évasion fiscale.
On se souvient que l’usage obligatoire des lettres de crédit dans le règlement des opérations d’importation avait été présenté comme devant servir à tracer ces transactions. On doit, donc, commencer par là. À vrai dire, ce qui rend la chose compliquée c’est que souvent les entreprises ou les individus concernés ont, pour la plupart, créé des entreprises commerciales à l’étranger pour réaliser des opérations triangulaires.
Dans ce processus plusieurs sociétés-écrans sont créées pour se facturer entre elles des services fictifs et ventiler l’argent dans divers juridictions et paradis fiscaux. L’argent ne doit pas se trouver uniquement dans les pays auxquels on pense instinctivement comme la Suisse, la France, Monaco ou le Luxembourg. L’argent peut se trouver aussi à Dubaï, à Singapour, à Hongkong, à Panama, au Delaware…
Une partie des fonds peut avoir été convertie en lingots d’or, en bijoux, en titres financiers au porteur, en œuvres d’art, ou encore investi dans l’immobilier ou en exploitations agricoles en Amérique latine. De plus, les comptes bancaires sont souvent anonymes (à numéro) où appartenant à des prête-noms.
Comme je l’avais déjà mentionné, ce travail exige un savoir-faire et fait appel à toute une organisation composée de comptables légistes capables de retracer les flux monétaires dès leur origine et les localiser. Cela nécessite aussi des spécialistes en montage de sociétés-écrans, de fondations et autres trusts, ainsi que d’avocats spécialisés et bien sûr des actions diplomatiques et judiciaires.
Des banques et des États où le secret bancaire est considéré comme une sacro-sainte loi, pourront-ils accepter de coopérer avec les autorités algériennes sur un dossier aussi complexe que les fonds détenus à l’étranger ?
Le secret bancaire est en train de disparaître un peu partout. De plus, en fonction des nouvelles règles internationales en matière de conformité et de lutte anti-blanchiment, les banques doivent faire un KYC, c’est-à-dire connaître son client et enquêter sur l’origine des fonds avant d’ouvrir un compte. Par ailleurs, l’échange d’informations est aujourd’hui automatique entre les pays de l’OCDE.
Cependant, ce n’est pas le cas de l’Algérie dont elle ne fait pas partie. Le processus sera donc plus long. Il faudra alors apporter aux autorités des pays concernés la preuve qu’il s’agit d’argent sale et engager des recours. Bien que la Convention des Nations unies fasse obligation aux États qui l’ont ratifiée d’apporter leur concours, souvent la coopération des institutions financières n’est pas évidente, surtout lorsqu’il s’agit de gros montants.
Akli REZOUALI