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Histoire automobile : Il y a 90 ans, Opel inaugurait l’ère de la propulsion à réaction - Algerie360
23 mai 1928, 10 heures : une voiture de course futuriste avec des ailerons latéraux déchaine le tonnerre sur le circuit Avus de Berlin, dans un vacarme accompagné d’un énorme sifflement.
Fritz von Opel, 29 ans, petit-fils du fondateur de la société Adam Opel, vient d’allumer successivement les 24 fusées à poudre installées à l’arrière de son RAK 2 et enfume les stands dans la traînée de feu de son sillage. Les 3.000 spectateurs se déchainent lorsque la voiture noire arborant fièrement en grosses lettres la marque Opel s’arrête : « Fritz la bombe » de Rüsselsheim vient d’établir un nouveau record de vitesse sur circuit avec 238 km/h. Il vient aussi de prouver au grand public que la propulsion par fusées permet d’aller vite, tout en restant maitrisable. Opel ouvre l’âge de la propulsion à réaction devant les caméras de télévision – et jette les bases des vols spatiaux habités.
Constructeur automobile et pionnier du moteur à réaction
L’histoire de l’Opel RAK 2 remonte à l’automne 1927. Fritz von Opel décide de s’impliquer activement dans les recherches sur le moteur-fusée après avoir rencontré Max Valier (1895-1930), un autrichien passionné de publicité et d’astronomie. Le pilote de course, entrepreneur et brillant ingénieur, se met au service de cette cause en amenant ses convictions, ainsi que la volonté d’innovation et la puissance financière d’Opel. D’abord, parce qu’il est personnellement fasciné par la technologie des fusées et ensuite, parce qu’il espère que ce projet futuriste aura des retombées positives pour la marque Opel. Opel demande à Friedrich Sander (1885-1938) de se joindre à ce projet pour finaliser rapidement la mise en œuvre du moteur fusée. L’entreprise de Sander fabrique des fusées de détresse à poudre.
Premiers essais à Rüsselsheim
La coopération entre Valier, Sander et von Opel commence à porter ses fruits dès mars 1928. Les premiers prototypes de véhicules-fusée sont lancés sur la piste d’essai d’Opel à Rüsselsheim – évidemment derrière des portes closes. Le 11 avril, l’Opel RAK 1 avec à son volant Kurt Volkhart, ingénieur et pilote de course Opel, atteint 100 km/h en huit secondes. Le véhicule, qui a déjà des petites ailes latérales, est basé sur l’Opel 4/12. Il est propulsé par douze fusées Sander contenant environ 40 kilogrammes d’explosifs. Cette voiture prouve que l’on peut utiliser des fusées dans la propulsion automobile. L’équipe pense toutefois qu’il faut faire des essais à des vitesses plus élevées, d’autant que l’accueil de la presse s’est montré délirant. Comme la piste d’essai de Rüsselsheim ne convient pas pour de tels essais, c’est le circuit Avus de Berlin que choisit le team, parce qu’il possède deux longues lignes droites.
Un prototype futuriste propulsé par 24 fusées
L’Opel RAK 2 a été spécialement conçu pour la tentative de record sur l’Avus. Il est basé sur le châssis d’une Opel 10/40 et améliore le RAK 1 dans de nombreux domaines. Il est plus long que son prédécesseur avec une longueur qui atteint désormais 4,88 mètres, l’aérodynamique a été retravaillée, les ailerons latéraux sont plus importants et il est équipé de 24 fusées à poudre qui développent 6 tonnes de poussée. Toutefois, l’allumage séquentiel électrique des charges grâce à une pédale installée au plancher a été maintenu. En dehors de cela, la voiture de course futuriste de 560 kg n’a ni moteur ni boîte.
Une utopie devenue réalité
Fritz von Opel décide de conduire lui-même l’engin – et il organise un véritable show pour la tentative de record de Berlin avec une précision méticuleuse, tant sur le plan technique que sur celui de l’organisation. Environ 3.000 personnes, journalistes, célébrités, athlètes et hommes politiques sont invités. Et le grand monde se presse pour assister à l’événement. Des stars de cinéma comme Lilian Harvey ou Thea von Harbou, le réalisateur de Metropolis, Fritz Lang, de célèbres pilotes de course comme Hanni Köhler ou Carl Jörns ou le boxeur de légende Max Schmeling, sont tous au rendez-vous. Avant le début de la tentative de record, le professeur Johann Schütte, Président de la société scientifique de l’Aviation, et Fritz von Opel, font des discours prémonitoires. Puis le team Opel se prépare. August Becker et Karl Treber, les mécaniciens, lèvent la bâche sur l’Opel RAK 2 et le poussent précautionneusement sur la ligne de départ. C’est alors seulement que les fusées sont installées et raccordées au mécanisme d’allumage. La police dégage la piste et Fritz von Opel s’installe derrière le grand volant en bois. Poignée de main émue accompagnée de quelques mots de Friedrich Sander… Tout à coup, les spectateurs enthousiastes se taisent. Puis tout se passe très vite. « J’appuie sur la pédale d’allumage et les fusées se mettent à hurler dans mon dos, tout en me donnant une formidable impulsion en avant… Alors j’appuie encore sur la pédale, et encore – une sorte de frénésie s’empare de moi – jusqu’à la quatrième fois. À mes côtés, tout disparaît… L’accélération déclenche chez moi une montée d’adrénaline. Je cesse de penser. J’agis juste par instinct, alors qu’une puissance incontrôlable se déchaine dans mon dos, » se souvient « Fritz la bombe ».
Le jeune intrépide portant un nom célèbre à Rüsselsheim parvient à négocier le virage nord, et évite à la voiture de s’envoler – les ailerons ne fournissent pas suffisamment d’appui pour la vertigineuse vitesse atteinte. L’affaire est bouclée en trois minutes. Le RAK 2 ralentit lentement jusqu’à s’arrêter, le grand panache blanc de fumée disparait dans le ciel de Berlin et est bien vite remplacé par le tonnerre des applaudissements des spectateurs. Une utopie est devenue réalité et se transforme en succès spectaculaire. Von Opel a atteint une vitesse de 238 km/h, et en une nuit, tout le monde connait son nom en Allemagne. La marque Opel est immédiatement reconnue comme une marque synonyme de progrès technique et d’innovation. L’ère de la propulsion à réaction vient de commencer.
Esprit d’innovation et compétence technique
Encouragés par leur succès de Berlin, Fritz von Opel et Friedrich Sander poursuivent leurs expériences. Le 23 juin 1928, ils battent un nouveau record pour véhicules sur rails en atteignant 256 km/h avec une draisine sur laquelle ont été greffées des fusées, l’Opel RAK 3. Après des essais menés avec une moto, la légendaire Opel Motoclub, ils se tournent vers l’aviation. Et le 30 septembre 1929, ils enregistrent un nouvel exploit qui fait d’eux de grands pionniers : ils effectuent premier vol sur avion à réaction jamais effectué en public à bord de l’Opel-Sander RAK1 construit par Julius Hatry. Peu après, les essais de propulsion à réaction d’Opel doivent s’arrêter, à cause de la crise économique de 1929. L’entreprise choisit de concentrer ses moyens techniques sur le développement de l’automobile. Cependant, l’esprit d’innovation et la compétence technique restent encore des valeurs présentes aujourd’hui dans les gènes d’Opel. Et la recherche et le développement de nouvelles technologies de propulsion restent l’un des objectifs majeurs de l’entreprise – peut-être plus encore aujourd’hui que jamais.