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Gaz de schiste : Une exploitation controversée aux Etats-Unis ! - Algerie360
L’exploitation du gaz de schiste suscite des débats polémiques même aux Etats-Unis, premier producteur mondial de pétrole et de gaz. La fracturation hydraulique, ce mode d’extraction des ressources non conventionnelles, largement utilisé par les compagnies américaines, est controversé y compris dans le pays qui a connu le premier la révolution technologique, dite du pétrole et du gaz de schiste. Ce constat constitue l’une des surprises du voyage d’information organisé par le Département d’Etat américain, du 7 au 27 septembre, sur les industries extractives et le développement durable.
Ce programme destiné à des Africains et Africaines considérés par la partie US comme leaders dans leur propre pays, c’est-à-dire influents, a connu la participation d’experts et de journalistes de 11 pays du continent. L’une des thématiques retenues dans ce programme a été justement la fracturation hydraulique liée à l’exploitation du pétrole et du gaz de schiste aux Etats-Unis. Contrairement au discours officiel et à celui rassurant des représentants de l’industrie pétrolière, plusieurs voix aux Etats-Unis se démarquent et soulignent que ce mode d’extraction de ressources fossiles non conventionnelles induit des conséquences négatives sur l’environnement.
Un Professeur spécialiste de l’environnement, exerçant dans une université à Washington, souligne que la fracturation hydraulique présente des risques de contamination de l’eau potable et de pollution du sol et du sous-sol par les substances chimiques utilisées dans le forage horizontal effectué pour extraire le pétrole et le gaz de schiste. Il suggère de renforcer les exigences réglementaires pour éviter que cette activité ne soit source de pollution et de mécontentement des populations riveraines des gisements.
A Denver, un journaliste proche des milieux écologistes lance un pavé dans la mare. Les multinationales pétrolières, qui exploitent le pétrole et le gaz de schiste, ne veulent pas fournir d’informations sur l’identité des substances chimiques utilisées dans la fracturation hydraulique. Le nom de ces substances est gardé secret. « Si on livre ce genre d’information, cela va tomber chez nos concurrents qui vont utiliser ces substances et profiter de cet avantage concurrentiel », a argué un représentant d’une compagnie pétrolière, cité par le journaliste. Face au risque d’accidents et devant ce gap d’information sur ces substances, la médecine peut s’avérer inefficace. Ce même journaliste a cité le cas d’un travailleur dans l’exploitation du pétrole et gaz de schiste atteint par ces substances, qui est tombé malade. Les médecins ne savaient pas quel traitement administrer, parce qu’ils ne savaient pas quelle était la source de la maladie, quelle substance chimique a atteint ce collaborateur.
Source de pollution et de mécontentement
A Billings, une ville construite sur le lit des montagnes Rocheuses, faisant partie de l’Etat du Montana, situé au nord-ouest des Etats-Unis, un membre d’une association pétrolière de l’Etat du Montana, chargé notamment d’attribuer les permis d’exploitation des gisements de pétrole et de gaz et de veiller au respect de la réglementation par les compagnies, souligne, lui, que la fracturation hydraulique n’a pas d’impact sur l’environnement. « Zéro impact, zéro tremblement de terre », a-t-il lancé. En d’autres termes, selon lui, il n’y a pas eu de pollution de ressources hydriques associée à la fracturation hydraulique, d’autre pollution causée par la fracturation hydraulique dans le Montana. Cet Etat produit 126 000 barils/jour de pétrole de schiste. Cette absence d’impact est due, selon lui, à la nature de la cimentation utilisée dans le forage du puits de pétrole qui est très renforcée : trois couches d’isolation empêchent le déversement de substances chimiques (utilisées) dans les nappes phréatiques et évitent la pollution du sous-sol. « Il y a beaucoup de contrevérités dans les commentaires sur la fracturation hydraulique. Il a cité la vidéo diffusée sur le net et qui a fait le buzz. Les images montrent un Américain à côté d’un robinet d’eau en flammes et qui laisse croire que ce feu est provoqué par le gaz de schiste qui s’est infiltré dans les nappes hydriques. En fait, selon lui, ce robinet d’eau en flammes a pour source non pas le gaz de schiste mais un gaz, du méthane provenant des marais proche de l’habitation concernée. « Ce sont des biogaz » a-t-il affirmé.
A noter que la réglementation américaine prévoit une série de précautions à prendre par les opérateurs pour que la fracturation hydraulique n’ait pas d’impact sur l’environnement. La technique de fracturation hydraulique s’est d’ailleurs beaucoup améliorée, selon ce spécialiste. « Le gaz de schiste n’est pas le monstre qu’on a voulu montrer », a-t-il conclu. Mais les contrôles, la supervision des opérations par les administrations concernées sont-ils efficaces ? L’orateur rappellera que c’est George Mitchell, du Texas, qui a été le premier à faire des essais jusqu’à trouver la méthode de forage horizontal lié à la fracturation hydraulique. « Le gros de la production du pétrole et du gaz de schiste aux Etats-Unis se trouve concentré au Texas, au Dakota et en Pennsylvanie. La révolution du schiste a connu son essor en 2004 et 2005. Les Etats-Unis sont devenus grâce au pétrole et au gaz de schiste les premiers producteurs de pétrole et de gaz au monde. Cette révolution n’a pu se produire que grâce à de meilleures incitations de l’Etat fédéral et à la libre entreprise, selon lui. Si elle avait été conduite par le gouvernement, elle n’aurait pas abouti à ces découvertes », a-t-il ajouté.
Divergence de points de vue
Ainsi, la controverse sur le gaz de schiste aux Etats-Unis a pour source une divergence de points de vue entre les opérateurs, qui
défendent l’industrie pétrolière, et des écologistes et des spécialistes, préoccupés par les incidences de l’activité pétrolière sur les écosystèmes aux Etats-Unis et dans le monde.
Mais ce qui est plus important pour l’Algérie est le facteur transparence et l’approche américaine pour convaincre la population environnante d’accepter l’exploitation de ces ressources. Le membre de cette association indique que les opérations de contrôle effectuées par les inspecteurs se font en toute transparence. Chaque citoyen américain peut avoir connaissance des résultats des contrôles. « Au manquement à une disposition ou à des dispositions de la réglementation, l’opérateur est tenu de corriger rapidement, et au cas où il ne daigne pas rectifier, il se voit retirer le permis par cette association », a-t-il précisé.
A Orlando, principale ville de l’Etat de Floride, situé au sud-est des Etats-Unis, un membre du staff dirigeant du département de protection de l’environnement de Floride nous apprend qu’avant de délivrer l’autorisation, en vue de la réalisation d’un pipeline traversant l’Etat de Floride ou les comtés faisant partie de la zone de compétence de cette institution publique, cette entité effectue des consultations auprès des propriétaires des terrains concernés par le projet ainsi que des différents groupes de population de Floride, en particulier ceux habitant au voisinage, pour recueillir leurs avis sur la construction du pipeline, lever leur appréhensions, réaliser des échanges avec les futurs exploitants et les exploitants actuels, si le pipeline est en exploitation. Les citoyens sont informés en particulier de la consistance du projet, de l’évolution du projet et de toutes les étapes de réalisation du projet.
« Ces exploitants savent que nous sommes toujours là », lance ce responsable. En d’autres termes, ils savent que les agents de ce département sont toujours là pour contrôler si les exploitants respectent la réglementation, en particulier celle liée au respect de l’environnement, aux règles de sécurité. « En matière de communication, nous appliquons la règle de « porte ouverte » aux citoyens, aux usagers, à toute personne concernée ou intéressée par nos activités. Tout citoyen peut nous appeler (appels téléphoniques). Notre fonction est au service du peuple. Nous utilisons différents outils notamment informatiques (via Internet …) pour communiquer avec les citoyens », indique le même responsable.
Pour un plan de communication et de consultation des populations concernées en Algérie
Si des citoyens ou des propriétaires de terrains, situés au voisinage ou sur le périmètre où sera réalisé le pipeline, sont opposés à la construction de cette infrastructure, contre l’avis de ce département, le permis nécessaire à la réalisation de ce pipeline fera l’objet d’une audience administrative (Cour administrative). Cette juridiction tranchera la réalisation ou non de ce pipeline. Nous sommes donc loin de cette approche brutale, qui consistait à lancer l’exploitation du gaz de schiste en Algérie, en 2013, sans avoir lancé au préalable des consultations avec les populations du Sud concernées par ce projet. Une véritable campagne de communication qui touche au premier chef les plus concernés, à savoir en particulier les habitants d’In Salah et ceux vivant à proximité des périmètres où se concentrent les ressources en pétrole et en gaz de schiste du pays. Tout cela a mené à un échec dont les leçons ne sont pas encore tirées.
Ainsi, l’approche américaine, telle qu’affichée par les officiels et les représentants d’institutions publiques américaines, constitue une voie respectueuse des droits des citoyens qui pourrait être adaptée aux réalités algériennes. En un mot, cette méthode de communication vise à consacrer la transparence sans laquelle on ne peut garantir l’efficacité de la démarche dans la durée. Cela passe, en résumé, par la consultation des populations concernées, un recueil de leurs avis et tout un plan de communication pour les convaincre qu’ils ont tout à gagner de l’exploitation du gaz de schiste (emploi, revenus supplémentaires pour les communes du Sud, projets de développement socio-économique des régions), qu’ils n’ont rien à craindre d’atteintes à l’environnement puisque toutes les précautions seront prises pour éviter toute pollution du sol ou du sous-sol ou des nappes phréatiques, que cette activité ne se fera pas au détriment des besoins en eau potable de ces populations. Tout citoyen pourra être informé des résultats des contrôles effectués par l’agence de régulation des hydrocarbures sur les opérations de Sonatrach ou des groupements Sonatrach-partenaires étrangers. Il faut savoir que l’écosystème américain donne la possibilité aux populations touchées par l’exploitation du pétrole ou gaz de schiste d’être informées sur les opérations de contrôle de l’Etat fédéral ou des Etats fédérés et de pouvoir peser sur les exigences supplémentaires à imposer aux compagnies pour éviter tout impact sur l’environnement. Cela ne veut pas dire qu’aux Etats-Unis, tout est parfait et que cette activité ne génère aucune pollution. L’impact sur les écosystèmes est toutefois atténué grâce à une application généralement stricte de la réglementation ainsi que l’implication des citoyens et notamment des écologistes.
Avec toutes ces précautions prises, toute cette transparence instaurée, l’exploitation du gaz de schiste et du pétrole de schiste, en Algérie, pourrait devenir une bénédiction et non une malédiction. Car les ressources non conventionnelles du pays deviennent vitales pour la sécurité énergétique de l’Algérie, pour la poursuite du développement du pays, eu égard à l’explosion de la demande domestique en produits énergétiques et le déclin de la production ainsi que des réserves nationales d’hydrocarbures conventionnels. Face à ces défis, l’Algérie sera contrainte à moyen et long terme de puiser dans ses ressources non conventionnelles, dont le potentiel est classé parmi les premiers au monde, en vue de faire face à la demande locale qui, quitte à le répéter, reste en forte progression.