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Forum de la Mémoire, Manifestations du 11 Décembre 1960 : La rupture avec le système colonial 1960, une année charnière des relations internationales - Algerie360
«J’ai eu peur, hier matin, au cimetière musulman d’El-Kettar, où La Casbah était venue enterrer ses morts. Ce n’était plus une mer humaine. C’était un océan de passions, de colère, et là, une fois encore, j’étais seul. Seul Européen parmi ce peuple immense de La Casbah. Seul Européen face à ce drapeau vert du FLN qu’agitait dessus des tombes une foule déchaînée (…).» Extrait d’un article paru sur les colonnes de Paris Jour, le 14 décembre 1960, signé A. Moulinier.
Les manifestations populaires du 11 Décembre 1960 ont marqué une étape décisive dans l’histoire de la Révolution de Novembre. Elles ont fait perdre au gouvernement français ses dernières illusions de voir sa politique bénéficier d’un soutien populaire de la part des Algériens.
Sur les pages de l’histoire, on peut lire que ces manifestations spontanées, canalisées par la suite par le FLN, ont permis l’accélération de la poursuite des négociations en rendant le FLN un interlocuteur incontournable. Dans la foulée, le représentant du peuple algérien a enregistré de grandes victoires diplomatiques.
Hier, le Forum de la mémoire d’El Moudjahid, initié en coordination avec l’association Machaâl Echahid, a revisité cette station historique en présence de moudjahidine et d’élèves du centre de formation de professionnelle Hassiba-Ben-Bouali. La conférencière, maître Fatma-Zohra Benbraham, militante des droits de l’homme et très portée sur les recherches en histoire, a présenté une conférence académique sur les tenants et les aboutissants des manifestations du 11 Décembre 1960.
Mais auparavant, la moudjahida Baya Marok, qui a participé aux manifestations dans la ville de Hadjout, a raconté la répression qui a suivi la sortie des Algériens dans les rues de tout le pays pour dire haut et fort leur refus à la proposition du général De Gaulle qui parlait d’une «Algérie algérienne», c’est-à-dire incluant les colons, les militaires et les Pieds-noirs.
Baya Marok, qui a choisi la lutte armée dans la Wilaya IV, se rappelle avec détails ce jour où le peuple algérien a réaffirmé avec force sa présence, qui a surpris par son ampleur et sa détermination amis et ennemis. En ce mois de décembre 1960, a-t-elle dit, le peuple des villes explosa en marquant son adhésion au FLN, brisant le chaînes de la peur, alors que l’autorité française l’avait considéré comme définitivement soumis.
Elle se rappelle aussi les victimes, dont un petit garçon de 9 ans. Elle a aussi mis en avant le rôle des femmes dans cette marche vers l’indépendance. Elles avaient mis leur talent de couturière au service de la révolution, en confectionnant des drapeaux.
1960, une année charnière des relations internationales
Les conférences historiques de maître Fatma-Zohra Benbraham ont une particularité. Aucun détail n’est occulté et chaque mot a son sens. C’est pourquoi, en entamant son intervention, elle a préféré expliquer aux jeunes présents à la conférence l’importance de connaître le statut des moudjahidine.
Nos pères et nos mères qui se sont soulevés contre l’occupant n’étaient ni des terroristes, ni des rebelles comme ils étaient taxés par la France coloniale. Ils avaient pris les armes pour libérer la patrie du joug colonial. Pour revenir à la date du 11 Décembre 1960, elle dira qu’elle constitue une des plus importantes dates de l’histoire de la Révolution de Novembre, car les manifestations populaires qui se sont déroulées ce jour avait confirmé que le prestige de De Gaulle n’avait entamé en rien les sentiments profonds des Algériens.
Mais avant de parler proprement de cette date, la conférencière a préféré évoqué le contexte de l’époque. À ce propos, elle dira que le général, à partir de faux rapports qui lui parvenaient sur la situation en Algérie, élaborait des politiques sans tenir en compte le fait que l’année 1960 était une année charnière des relations internationales. Une année où le concept de décolonisation avait fini par trouver place au sein de l’instance onusienne.
Le qualifiant d’homme et son contraire, maître Benbraham dira que le général se distinguait par les paradoxes qui dominaient ses discours. Des discours où il tenait à chaque fois des propos contradictoires. Au cours de l’année 1960, il avait eu des revirements de 360 degrés. Au début, en s’adressant aux Français d’Algérie, il s’engageait à ne pas les laisser tomber. Revirement de situation, quelques mois après, il propose une nouvelle formule : «L’Algérie algérienne».
Contrairement à ce qu’il attendait, sa proposition est rejetée par les Algériens, car ils luttaient pour une Algérie musulmane, un territoire appartenant aux Algériens musulmans et non incluant les Pieds-noires et les colons. Les généraux, qui pensaient déjà à un putsch, voulaient une Algérie française où seuls les colons ont leur place.
Sa venue en Algérie, le 9 décembre, pour calmer les esprits n’était pas très bien perçue, surtout qu’il voulait créer une troisième force pour entamer des négociations allant dans le sens de ses visions politiques. Ce projet était tombé à l’eau. La visite d’Aïn Témouchent marquera à jamais l’échec politique du général De Gaulle. Lui qui croyait qu’il n’y avait qu’une politique possible en Algérie, la sienne.
C’est ainsi que dans la matinée, à Belcourt, des Européens manifestent contre la politique du général De Gaulle. Une rixe éclate entre un Algérien et un des manifestants qui menace la foule avec une arme. Les forces de sécurité interviennent et s’en prennent à un groupe d’Algériens. C’est l’étincelle. Ce qui suivra se fera dans un bain de sang. Même les enfants ne sont pas épargnés par les rafales de l’armée coloniale.
Les journalistes venus couvrir la visite du général sont témoins d’une horreur sans égale et découvrent, pour la première fois, l’emblème algérien que les femmes avaient passé la nuit à confectionner. Le journaliste du Figaro écrit : «Une forêt de drapeaux verts et blancs. 9 heures 45 minutes. Casbah, 10.000 musulmans banderoles improvisées ‘‘vive Ferhat Abbes’’, ‘‘vive le FLN’’, les CRS prennent le contrôle, les Bérets rouges, commandés par le colonel Massot, viennent prendre position l’arme au pied.»
Un autre journaliste, Roland Faure, écrit : «Mon chauffeur me dit, voilà nos combattants, ils n’ont pas d’armes, mais on ne les arrêtera. C’est notre révolution en marche.» Pour l’envoyé spécial de France Observateur : «Ce n’est qu’une étincelle, disaient encore, samedi soir, les optimistes de la délégation générale. Mais à côté d’eux, quelques autres étaient inquiets. C’est la Casbah bouge, disaient-ils, on ne sait pas où on va.»
La suite des événements on la connaît. Elle est écrite en lettres de sang sur les pages d’histoire.