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Enseignement supérieur: Deux décrets qui font polémique - Algerie360
Le ministre de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique a fait récemment entériner deux décrets par le Conseil du gouvernement, le premier permettant aux doctorants de soutenir leur thèse sans l’obligation de publier au préalable un travail de recherche, et le second consacrant l’habilitation universitaire par notation et non par soutenance comme c’est en vigueur depuis près de quinze ans.
Proposée déjà au temps de Rachid Hraoubia alors ministre du secteur, la possibilité de soutenance d’une thèse de doctorat sans qu’elle soit précédée obligatoirement d’une publication d’un travail de recherche dans une revue universitaire reconnue mondialement, a été prise en compte et consacrée tout récemment par l’actuel ministre. La Direction générale de la recherche du ministère s’est, en effet, penchée pendant une année sur cette question et d’autres y afférentes, pour permettre à Abdelkader Hadjar de proposer au Conseil du gouvernement du 17 octobre dernier un décret portant organisation de la formation universitaire et du doctorat sous le LMD (Licence-Master-Doctorat) dont l’un des objectifs est «justement d’unifier les doctorats existants et de réviser les conditions de soutenance de leur thèse», disent nos sources. «Les doctorants ne vont plus attendre une éternité pour soutenir leur thèse, ils le feront sans devoir subir au préalable cette exigence de la publication d’un travail de recherche dans une des revues bien notée et bien cotée mondialement», indiquent des responsables. Le ministre a tenu, selon eux, à ce que «désormais, ça se passera comme ça pour libérer les nombreux doctorants bloqués à cause d’une publication qui s’est toujours avérée hypothétique puisqu’ils attendent pendant longtemps pour qu’ils puissent le faire», nous précise l’un d’entre eux. «Si vous ne publiez pas, vous ne pouvez pas soutenir», s’entendaient-ils dire à chaque fois. «La publication est devenue une histoire de sectes, il est rare qu’un doctorant qui n’est pas épaulé, réussisse à se faire publier, c’est un cercle fermé, ça fonctionne entre copains», affirme un responsable du secteur. L’on nous indique qu’ «il y a 3.000 doctorants dans le pipe à cause de cette exigence, ce n’est pas normal. Non seulement ça bloque beaucoup de monde, mais ça empêche d’autres de s’inscrire en doctorat, faute de place».
L’Habilitation dirigée de recherche revisitée
L’on souligne au passage que «si la norme universelle est d’un enseignant pour 19 étudiants, chez nous en Algérie on a un enseignant pour 42 étudiants et on se permet de bloquer la relève !» La faiblesse qualitative et quantitative de l’encadrement dans l’ensemble des universités du pays est criante, évidente. Des universitaires affirment que «nous avons vu des soutenances se tenir dans des salons d’hôtels, les week-ends ou les jours fériés, histoire de liquider mais aussi d’aider leurs amis, alors que le sens même d’une soutenance est qu’elle soit publique». Le ministre de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique a dans cet ordre d’idées proposé le même jour au même Conseil du gouvernement un deuxième décret amendant le texte relatif à l’habilitation universitaire ou ce qui est appelée «Habilitation dirigée de recherche (HDR)» L’on nous précise que l’habilitation est le dernier palier pour briguer le poste de professeur d’université «grade le plus élevé dans la hiérarchie, c’est comme un diplôme», nous dit-on. Il nous est expliqué que cette habilitation a été instituée depuis une quinzaine d’années, «depuis que le doctorat a été dévalorisé». Pour rehausser un tant soit peu la qualité et la valeur de ce diplôme, le ministère a exigé alors que deux ou trois ans après que les doctorants aient soutenu leur thèse, «ils sont obligés d’avoir cette habilitation en soutenant un travail de recherche devant une commission universitaire. Une fois acquise, ils ont droit de diriger une équipe ou un laboratoire de recherche». Aujourd’hui, le nouveau décret entériné par le Conseil du gouvernement consacre cette habilitation par une notation. En retenant cette option, Hadjar, disent ses collaborateurs, a estimé qu’il fallait supprimer un palier jugé supplémentaire. La nouveauté stipule que «le travail de recherche devra être déposé auprès de l’une des quatre Conférences régionales où siègent les recteurs d’universités. Le ministre désigne une commission auprès de chacune de ces Conférences régionales pour évaluer, juger et noter le travail sur la base de critères précis comme le nombre de thèses que le professeur aurait encadrées, le nombre de cours qu’il aurait donnés, les travaux de recherche qu’il aurait menés.
Des universitairesdénoncent «l’esprit de mandarinat»
«Si on est rigoureux devant une soutenance de thèse, on l’est encore plus dans le traitement d’un travail de recherche déposé pour évaluation et notation», nous disent des chercheurs universitaires qui défendent des changements qui font polémique non seulement au sein de la famille universitaire mais en premier au sein même du gouvernement.
Abdelkader Hadjar a en effet réussi à faire entériner ses deux décrets par le Conseil du gouvernement non sans faire grincer les dents de plusieurs ministres. L’on apprend que ceux de ses confrères qui ont protesté contre le remplacement de «l’habilitation par soutenance et échanges interactifs ou débat autour du thème étudié par une habilitation par notation», ont fait valoir le critère de la rigueur qui, selon eux, «prend un sérieux coup». Les ministres de l’Education nationale, Nouria Benghebrit, de la Formation professionnelle, Mohamed Mebarki, et des Postes et télécommunications, Houda Feraoun, ont, selon nos sources, voulu faire barrage au décret de Hadjar mais sans résultat. Ce sont, faut-il le souligner, les ministres professeurs d’université qui ont réagi aux changements que leur confrère de l’Enseignement supérieur veut apporter aux cursus et aux diplômes universitaires. Nos interlocuteurs parmi les chercheurs universitaires pensent que «ceux qui sont contre cette nouvelle façon d’habilitation universitaire, s’ils le sont, c’est qu’ils sont pour la consécration du mandarinat». Abdelkader Hadjar a trouvé en le 1er ministre, Ahmed Ouyahia, un appui solide et sûr qui lui a permis de faire entériner ses décrets. Il attend leur publication dans le Journal officiel pour assurer entrer en vigueur.