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Slimane Azem: la force de l’asefru ou le poète candide - Algerie360
Slimane devait partir sans avoir eu le temps nécessaire de tout nous révéler. C’est à Mouloud Mammeri que cette mission incombe pour nous expliquer le message à la place de Slimane, dans La cité du soleil : “Mais, quel que soit le point de la course où le terme m’atteindra, je partirai avec la certitude chevillée que, quels que soient les obstacles que l’histoire lui apportera, c’est dans le sens de sa libération que mon peuple, et à travers lui les autres, ira”.
La position intransigeante de Slimane Azem était tout à fait justifiée. L’absurdité de l’attitude des autorités algériennes est mise à nu par l’illogisme du traitement qu’on lui a infligé, comparativement à un autre chanteur algérien, qui, lui, a chanté l’hymne national français en arabe. Aujourd’hui son nom trône sur le fronton d’une institution publique de la capitale.
Ce n’est pas en soi le fait de chanter la Marseillaise en arabe qui est grave. C’est le contexte dans lequel il l’avait fait. C’était à la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale, au moment où les autorités coloniales avaient organisé une offensive pour rendre effective l’annexion de l’Algérie à la France.
L’hymne national français était considéré comme instrument idéologique de domination coloniale ; le faire chanter à un indigène en arabe, c’était affirmer l’effectivité de la domination coloniale française sur l’Algérie. Mahiedine Bachterzi, indigène de son état, a été l’auteur et l’interprète de la traduction de la Marseillaise en 1926 et lui a conféré une coloration patriotique algérienne.
Il l’avait chantée de sa voix avec joie et enthousiasme au Quai d’Orsay, devant messieurs les présidents de la République française Raymond Poincaré, Alexandre Millerand, Gaston Doumergue et Paul Doumer; ce qui lui a valu d’être honoré par la France coloniale et porté dans le livre d’or de 1937.
Il a été aussi auteur d’une cantate en arabe à la gloire du centenaire de l’occupation de l’Algérie en 1930. Cet homme, contrairement à Slimane Azem, a récolté tous les honneurs en 1962. Il a été directeur du Conservatoire municipal d’Alger de 1966 à 1974.
Il sera aussi honoré par le pouvoir algérien, à titre posthume, en lui décernant une médaille de l’Ordre du mérite national au mois de mai 1992.
Bannir Slimane Azem ou le châtiment d’exemple
Au dix-neuvième siècle, le bannissement était le châtiment que réservait le colonialisme aux insurgés. Poète de son état, Si Muhend U Mhend a été soumis à la dureté du traitement de ces insurgés, et de nos jours, son exemple est toujours vivace dans la mémoire collective. Le sort réservé par les autorités coloniales aux biens de sa famille est connu de tous. Il était à l’égal de ce qu’ont enduré les insurgés de l’époque : les exécutions, les déportations et les séquestrations des biens. Ces mesures et traitements étaient régies par ce qui était appelé l’Ordonnance royale du 31 octobre 1845 qui est promulguée contre les insurgés.
Je garde de mon enfance le souvenir des paroles de certains vieux du village qui avant d’annoncer ou de projeter une initiative future, même sur 24 heures, la précédaient toujours d’une formule sentencieuse “ad agh-yemne rebbi s sikkis”.
Cette formule est devenue presque un adage. Consacrée pendant longtemps, celle-ci est restée sans explication pour moi. Elle signifie : que Dieu nous préserve du séquestre.
Les vieux la substituaient mécaniquement à l’autre formule religieuse “In challah” comme pour témoigner de l’impuissance du divin devant l’injustice du colonialisme. Ce n’est que des décennies plus tard que j’en ai compris la signification et la gravité. En effectuant des recherches à travers internet pour la rédaction de cet écrit, je tombe par pur hasard sur un article publié dans un journal en date du 17 décembre 2009. Il dénonçait les obstacles sur lesquels buttait un citoyen dans ses efforts pour la récupération de la maison de son père à Bounouh. Cet article relatait les démarches d’un certain Arezki Khllifi et faisait ressortir que la dite maison paternelle avait été confisquée par les autorités algériennes durant les années soixante-dix et vendue à un particulier. Il rajoute que sa famille a quitté cette demeure pour des raisons de guerre. Il voulait la récupérer pour en faire un monument historique.
Qui pouvait être ce vaillant citoyen ? Eh bien, c’était le fils du chanteur Farid Ali, de son vrai nom Khllifi Ali.
Toujours dans ma quête d’informations, je tombe sur un autre article portant les initiales G. K. dans le journal El Watan du 1er février 2012 qui faisait part d’un sit-in organisé devant le siège de la wilaya de Bgayet par l’association culturelle du village d’Ighil-Ali pour attirer l’attention des autorités locales sur l’indu-occupation de la maison familiale des Amrouche. Malgré les protestations des villageois, les autorités se sont murées dans un silence complice.
Le même scénario vaut pour les biens de Slimane Azem. Tous les efforts de ses sœurs Hedjila et Ouerdia de leur vivant pour la récupération les terres confisquées sont restés vains.
Taoues Amrouche comme son frère Jean Lmouhoub, Slimane Azem et Farid Ali avaient tous composé des poèmes patriotiques à la gloire de la Révolution.
A leur manière, ils avaient pris part à ce combat ; qui par la poésie, qui par le chant, qui par des prises de positions politiques. Tous avaient apporté leurs pierres à l’édifice du combat national qui était cette promesse d’essuyer les larmes aux victimes de la colonisation et tous avaient été l’objet de représailles du système colonial.
Le comble ! C’est l’ordonnance du séquestre de 1845 qui leur a été appliquée dans l’Algérie indépendante. Qu’avaient-ils donc fait de si grave au point de mériter pareille sanction ?
Tous portaient en eux la fibre amazighe et tous l’ont affirmé par leur engagement politique au sein de l’Académie berbère en France à sa création. Et comme Si Muhend U Mhend durant la colonisation, ils ont récolté les mêmes représailles dans l’Algérie indépendante.
Slimane Azem et le Printemps berbère de 1980
Quand Slimane Azem aborde la décennie quatre-vingt, un autre événement majeur de l’histoire de l’Algérie va se produire : le Printemps berbère d’avril 1980. Slimane l’a vécu et entendu. Quand les manifestations du Printemps berbère éclatent, Slimane Azem interprète l’événement et donne sa signification dans la célèbre chanson Ghef teqbaylit yuli wass. De sa voix chaude fusait cette dose forte d’espoir et de confiance en l’avenir :
“Aqlagh nettghenni nferreh Tura mi nemyaɛqal
Yebda a d-yettban sseh Aqlagh la nettemsawal
Ghef teqbaylit yuli was Ghef nnif n teqbaylit
…… ……
Xas efreh a yul thenni Nefka lɛahd i lwaldin
Ayen akk i d-nettmenni SSut n teqbaylit hnin
Ass’ agi neffegh ghures Fellas hedd ur d agh-ighur”, disait-il dans cette chanson.
Il n’y a pas de recours contre le verdict de la vie. C’est Slimane lui-même qui l’avait déjà dit auparavant dans Tamijalt.
Dans l’atmosphère du début des années quatre-vingt, il y avait comme des symptômes d’une fin proche. Sa voix, jadis mielleuse, manifeste des signes de grippage. L’effet de la maladie était là et manifeste.
Trop tard, elle avait fait son effet et Slimane devait partir sans avoir eu le temps nécessaire de tout nous révéler. C’est à Mouloud Mammeri que cette mission incombe pour nous expliquer le message à la place de Slimane, dans La cité du soleil : “Mais, quel que soit le point de la course où le terme m’atteindra, je partirai avec la certitude chevillée que, quels que soient les obstacles que l’histoire lui apportera, c’est dans le sens de sa libération que mon peuple, et à travers lui les autres, ira.”
La vie de Slimane Azem a été un parcours plein et vertueux. Elle symbolise et se confond à la vie du héros de l’œuvre romanesque de Mouloud Mammeri. Elle a tout de cette fin tragique que réserve Mouloud Mammeri à son héros ; avec cependant toujours cette petite lueur d’espoir qui pointe à l’horizon, comme pour garantir et s’assurer de l’avenir et la postérité. Pour le cas de Slimane Azem, cette lueur d’espoir était arrivée prématurément : elle a pour nom Lounis Aït Menguellet.
Eléments bibliographiques
Slimane Azem, IZLAN : Recueil de chants kabyles. Paris Numidie Musique. 184 pages. Coordonné par Muhend U Yehya. 1984.
Slimane Azem, le poète. Y. Nacib. Ed Zyriab. 2001.
Hommes et femmes de Kabylie. D. B. K. Ouvrage collectif sous la direction de Salem Chaker. P 91-103. Édition Édisud 2001.
Iberdan n tissas : 1934-1965, Mémoires de Messaoud Oulamara. Les Éditions le Pas Sage. 2006.
Les Mémoires de Mahiedine Bachterzi 1919-1939. Tome 1. Éd. Sned, 1968.
Histoire du théâtre en Algérie, un trou de mémoire dans les Mémoires de Mahiedine Bachterzi. Bachterzi était-il un collabo ? De Abdelkader Benbrik, Article : dzactiviste.info.
Mahiediene Bachterzi. Sidna Brahim El Khalil–Algérie. Article : www.okob.net
De petites gens pour une grande cause ou l’histoire de l’Académie Berbère (1966 – 1978) de Mohand Arab Bessaoud, 2000.
Insurrection de la Grande-Kabylie en 1871. Colonel J. N. Robin. Henri Charles Lavauzelle. Ed. Militaire.