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D’immenses richesses minières qui ne profitent pas au citoyen : L’Afrique appauvrie par l’or et le diamant - Algerie360
Les ressources minérales constituent un enjeu très important dans la géopolitique mondiale dirigée par les grandes puissances. Les pays africains, dotés par la nature de ressources minières importantes n’en bénéficient pas à la hauteur de leurs potentiels naturels bien que leur développement soit lié aux ressources minières et pétrolières. On note que le continent africain participe dans une large proportion des réserves et les productions de plusieurs substances minérales (en 2010).
L’Afrique représente environ 30 % des réserves mondiales de matières premières minérales non énergétiques (bauxite, cuivre, cobalt, chromite, etc.), produit près de 60 minerais et métaux et selon l’OMC, en 2010, 24 des 54 pays du continent exportent des produits miniers, mais la majorité de ces pays est pauvre.
Les productions minières africaines ne sont pas négligeables. A titre d’exemple, la valeur de la production de diamant faite en 2010 atteint 11,5 milliards de dollars dont 52% pour les pays africains.
Réglementation stricte du secteur minier
Le Maroc produit plus de 30 millions de tonnes de phosphates et a réalisé en 2018 un chiffre d’affaires de plus de 5,8 milliards de dollars avec une production d’engrais qui dépasse 8,5 millions de tonnes dans un marché mondial de 54,1 millions de tonnes de P2O5. Je signale au passage que sur la totalité de la production aurifère mondiale, l’Afrique participe avec 700 tonnes environ (22%) réparties comme suit : Afrique du Sud (39%), Ghana (16%), Mali (18%), Tanzanie (8%), Burkina et Soudan (5% chacun) et Kenya, Guinée et Mauritanie (10%).
Avec toutes ces productions, l’Afrique (30 millions de km²) reste un continent sous-exploré. L’effort et la densité d’exploration garantit une meilleure connaissance géologique, géodynamique et métallogénique de structures ou territoires potentiels. Il absorbe, depuis l’année 2000, entre 13 % et 18 % des budgets mondiaux d’exploration, à un niveau équivalent ou inférieur à l’Australie, au Canada et l’Amérique du Sud qui ont des superficies 2 à 3 fois moindres : respectivement 8, 10 et 18 millions de km². Des efforts supplémentaires d’exploration sont nécessaires pour mieux étudier les territoires et augmenter les probabilités de découvertes.
La pauvreté côtoie la richesse
La liaison dialectique existant entre les ressources minérales et la croissance du PIB n’est pas toujours vérifiée en Afrique car les Etats ne perçoivent pas des taxes et autres impôts conséquents pour assurer un développement humain et social de leurs populations bien que le PIB soit important dans beaucoup de pays. La distribution des revenus miniers et pétroliers est loin de profiter aux populations – selon la Banque mondiale – du fait de l’inégalité de leur distribution à laquelle s’ajoutent les détournements, les surfacturations et la corruption.Dans une étude faite par la Banque mondiale, il a été constaté un déséquilibre flagrant dans les taxes perçues par les Etats et les revenus des compagnies minières.
Selon cette étude, en 2010, certaines compagnies ont vu leurs revenus progresser de 32%, des résultats nets atteignant les 156% alors que, paradoxalement, les Etats n’ont perçu que 6% de taxes.Dans certains pays, comme le Botswana et la Namibie, l’Etat réglemente au mieux le secteur minier qui participe activement au développement. Il devient actionnaire à 50% dans bien de projets miniers, récupère environ 70% des revenus miniers, après imposition, grâce à un système fiscal performant. Un cas exactement contraire est celui de la Zambie et d’autres pays de l’Afrique australe qui ne perçoivent ni taxes ni redevance minière.
Les enjeux sont importants d’où la nécessité d’une prise de conscience et la mise en place de stratégies et mécanismes adoptés par les Etats dans le cadre de la vision minière africaine (VMA) adoptée, en 2009 et leur mise en œuvre en 2011 par l’Union africaine et en 2013 par la commission économique africaine. La VMA constitue la réponse des ministres africains au paradoxe de vivre dans un continent où se côtoient d’immenses richesses en ressources naturelles face à une pauvreté envahissante et à de grandes disparités.
Les objectifs sont destinés à :
•Permettre au continent d’exploiter au mieux ses richesses naturelles dans le but de créer des économies fortes, compétitives et réduire la pauvreté ;
•Déterminer comment l’exploitation minière peut contribuer véritablement au développement.
Ces situations sont préjudiciables aux pays africains, pauvres alors que leurs sous-sols sont riches. Elles ont généré des économies parallèles, illégales qui procurent, à titre d’exemple, plus de 2 milliards de dollars d’exportation illégale de l’or à partir du Mali, Burkina Faso et Niger durant l’année 2017. Les autres pays, comme la Guinée, la Mauritanie et le Sénégal ne sont pas épargnés par ce fléau.
L’or et bien d’autres substances minières, comme les pierres précieuses et semi-précieuses, sont produits illégalement par le biais de gangs organisés qui pullulent dans les contrées désertiques et vastes de ces pays africains. Ces situations engendrent des désastres sociaux et écologiques car des centaines de milliers de personnes sont engagées dans ces exploitations pour des bouchées de pain. Notre pays n’est pas épargné par l’extraction illégale de l’or si ce n’est la vigilance accrue des services de sécurité qui procèdent à des arrestations cycliques de groupes d’orpailleurs illégaux qui pillent nos ressources.
Sur un autre plan, des instruments juridiques sont en cours de préparation afin de baliser et réglementer, organiser l’extraction à petite échelle et artisanale qui boostera la production de métaux précieux, à grande valeur ajoutée dans notre pays.
Arezki ZERROUKI