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Cryptomonnaies : aubaine ou marché de dupes ? - Algerie360
Les fous du bitcoin déchantent. Après plusieurs mois de hausse continue des cours, lesquels ont atteint 20.000 dollars pour un bitcoin à la fin de l’année 2016, la chute de plus de moitié des cours sème le doute. Le premier Krach du marché des cryptomonnaies lève le voile sur une réalité que beaucoup ont choisi d’ignorer : celles-ci ne seraient-elles au final que des monnaies de singes, échappant à toute forme de contrôle, si ce n’est à celui des spéculateurs ? Des doutes qui ont poussé la Justice américaine à ouvrir une enquête quant à une possible manipulation des cours qui aurait permis à des spéculateurs d’empocher de véritables fortunes. Nombreux sont les Algériens qui ont succombé aux chants de sirènes du bitcoin, et qui s’imaginent déjà brasser des fortunes grâce aux nouveaux marchés virtuels. D’autres restent sur une certaine défiance envers une monnaie que l’on connaît mal, d’autant qu’il n’y a aucun contrôle et aucun cadre réglementaire qui protège les investisseurs. Une question demeure et torture l’esprit de beaucoup de nos concitoyens : les cryptomonnaies sont-elles la poule aux œufs d’or ou tout bonnement une arnaque à grande échelle ? Pour Abderrezak Kerouche, Geek assumé, et investisseur chevronné sur le marché des bitcoins, le marché des bitcoins n’est pas dénué d’intérêt, même s’il faut faire preuve d’une certaine prudence si l’on ne veut pas y laisser des plumes. Celui-ci explique que l’intérêt des Algériens pour le bitcoin, n’est pas nouveau, mais qu’il date déjà depuis quelques années. C’est ainsi qu’avant la Loi de finances 2018, et l’interdiction formelle de toute transaction, usage ou acquisition de cryptomonnaies, un certain nombre de nos concitoyens « détenteurs de comptes devises et de cartes Visa et MasterCard, ont eu la présence d’esprit d’investir dans les bitcoins, et d’en acquérir au moment où le cours était au plus bas ». Avec l’explosion de la demande et des cours, ces derniers disposant d’un portefeuille appréciable de bitcoins ont pu non seulement alimenter le marché en cryptomonnaies, dans l’informel, bien entendu, mais aussi de continuer à investir via différents portefeuilles virtuels. Et d’ajouter qu’une « simple interdiction de l’activité par la Banque d’Algérie, ne changera rien au développement du marché des cryptomonnaies, dans notre pays, dans la mesure où c’est un marché transfrontalier, avec des transactions intraçables ». « Il y’a plein de personnes qui continuent à investir dans les bitcoins, même aujourd’hui », nous explique, Abderrezak Kerouche. Ce détenteur d’un master en Business Marketing de l’Université d’Annaba est, d’ailleurs, passé maître dans l’art de débusquer les arnaques sur les différentes plateformes d’échange de cryptomonnaies.
PYRAMIDE DE PONZI
Pour notre interlocuteur, il ne faut surtout pas chercher à faire fortune grâce aux monnaies virtuelles, car c’est le meilleur moyen de se faire avoir. Il explique que dans le cadre de cette activité, un investisseur comme lui peut prétendre à un revenu mensuel raisonnable de 100 dollars, grâce aux placements sur différentes plateformes. Il explique avoir ouvert un portefeuille virtuel (E-Wallet), sur la plateforme russe Red-X et s’appuyer sur un système de parrainage de nouveaux affiliés pour faire fructifier son portefeuille. La plateforme est une sorte de réseau social du bitcoin qui rémunère ses adhérents selon le nombre de nouveaux affiliés, qu’ils arrivent à apporter au réseau. Un principe qui peut paraître alléchant au premier regard. Pour un œil exercé, celui-ci rappelle néanmoins, la fameuse pyramide de Ponzi , technique qui a causé la perte de traders et banquiers qui ont charrié dans leur sillage investisseurs, fonds de pensions et boursicoteurs. Qui n’a jamais entendu parler de Bernard Madoff ? Patron de l’une des sociétés d’investissement les plus dynamiques du Nasdaq, Madoff a escroqué 65 milliards de dollars à ses clients en leur faisant miroiter des rémunérations mirobolantes, sur des investissements inexistants, en se servant sur les capitaux des nouveaux investisseurs. En Algérie, c’est le cas Khalifa Bank qui illustre le mieux les escroqueries de type Ponzi. Notre interlocuteur se défend de prendre part à ce genre de pratiques. Il précise que ses investissements se concentrent sur d’autres plateformes plus sûres, même si son portefeuille initial demeure sur Red-X. Il précise que le fait de disposer d’un portefeuille virtuel permet d’effectuer des transferts sur n’importe quelle plateforme, mais aussi d’en disposer très facilement à condition de détenir une carte de paiement internationale comme Visa ou Master Card. Pour ce faire, il suffit de transiter par une banque spécialisée comme CoinBank en Espagne pour convertir ses bitcoins en devises conventionnelles (euros ou dollars) et effectuer par la suite un virement sur son compte devises. Le geek explique qu’on peut même disposer de ses fonds en Algérie et en dinars par simple retrait via sa Mastercard ou sa carte Visa au niveau de l’un des distributeurs automatiques de billets de l’une des banques étrangères installées en Algérie, à l’image d’AGB.
CLOUD MINING : HALTE AUX ARNAQUES !
Mais, au-delà des investissements via les plateformes participatives, le cloud mining ou minage de bitcoins, via le cloud demeure l’un des canaux favoris pour les mordus de cryptomonnaies pour faire fructifier leurs portefeuilles. Or, il faut se méfier des apparences, car tout ce qui brille n’est pas or. Notre interlocuteur conseille à ce propos de se méfier de certaines offres de cloud mining qui peuvent au final n’être que des arnaques. Pour éviter de tomber dans une escroquerie, Abderrezak Kerouche recommande d’examiner un certain nombre d’éléments : le service de cloud mining doit être hébergé sur une plateforme connue. Vérifiez également que le même service ne soit pas proposé à plusieurs reprises sur la toile. La rémunération devra intervenir dans un délai de moins d’une année et les sommes à mobiliser doivent être raisonnables et ne pas dépasser un certain seuil. Il est vrai que des arnaques au cloud mining champignonnent sur la toile. C’est ainsi qu’un homme d’affaire originaire de Constantine a pu éviter la mésaventure de justesse, grâce à une certaine aversion au risque. Il nous livre à ce titre son témoignage. Celui-ci raconte avoir été contacté, il y’a de cela trois ans par un groupe de développeurs établis à Alger. Ayant écouté leurs explication à propos du cloud mining, son fonctionnement et l’attrait que cela pouvait avoir, il a été toutefois refroidi par deux éléments : « 1/ la somme demandée pour l’adhésion ou disons l’investissement était trop importante, avec un minimum de 1,5 million de DA. 2/ il fallait investir cette somme et l’oublier pendant au moins 5 ans pour pouvoir prétendre à un bénéfice. De plus l’investisseur n’a pas le droit de toucher à ce bénéfice, ni opérer aucune transaction d’e-commerce avec. Il faut se rendre à Dubaï pour pouvoir y toucher ». Un cas édifiant quant aux risques inhérents au marché du bitcoin.
MANIPULATION DES COURS
Une autre alternative s’offre pourtant à ceux qui voudraient faire une incursion dans le marché des monnaies virtuelles : celui des levées de fonds initiales de cryptomonnaies ou Initial Coin Offerings (ICO). La levée initiale de bitcoins a permis aux acquéreurs de démultiplier leurs bénéfices grâce à une cryptomonnaie dont la valeur est passée de quelques cents de plus d’une dizaine de milliers de dollars. Les investisseurs ont pu réaliser une plus-value phénoménale. Un cas de figure qui caractérise le marché des cryptomonnaies et qui le différencie du Forex. Selon Abderrrezak Kerouche, les cryptomonnaies ne peuvent pas être touchées par le phénomène de l’inflation, car il n’ya qu’un nombre limité d’unités d’une devise virtuelle, toutes émises lors de la levée de fonds initiale. C’est ce qui explique d’ailleurs le fait que celles-ci prennent de la valeur à mesure que la demande augmente, dans la mesure où l’offre reste stable. Il ajoute que le marché des cryptodevises présente moins de risques que le Forex, du fait où l’investisseur ne risque en aucun cas de perdre son capital bitcoin initial, même si celui-ci perd en valeur, le plus important étant de ne pas vendre dans un contexte de baisse. « C’est une question de temps, il suffit d’attendre le meilleur moment, vendre lorsque les cours remontent, pour récupérer sa mise ou même faire des bénéfices », dit-il confiant. Il faut néanmoins comprendre, selon lui, que sur ce marché, quiconque peut émettre une cryptomonnaie. Il s’agit donc pour l’investisseur potentiel de se montrer prudent et préférer les levées de fonds souveraines, ou encore les ICO corporate, étudier les perspective de croissance et d’évolution de la demande dans le secteur pour lequel la cryptodevise est créée, à l’exemple de MedicalChain dans le secteur de la santé pour laquelle les estimations tablent sur la croissance de la demande de 60 à 70 %, avant de se lancer. Mais peu nombreux sont les Algériens qui partagent un tel optimisme, notamment au sein de la diaspora. Une Algérienne établie au Canada depuis de nombreuses années n’y va par quatre chemins pour qualifier ce marché de place pour le blanchiment d’argent. «Au Canada les gens ont perdu leur argent. Au début, le bitcoin a suscité de l’enthousiasme car il augmentait de manière continue. Mais tout d’un coup ce fût la chute. C’est un marché virtuel, il n’est pas clair et les critiques ne manquent pas. Le statut juridique reste encore flou dans beaucoup de pays et le client peut perdre tout simplement son argent car il n’y a aucune protection et aucune réglementation », témoigne-t-elle. Le krach subite du marché du bitcoin suscite la suspicion et a induit une enquête de la Justice américaine laquelle a de sérieux doutes, selon l’agence Bloomberg, quant à une manipulation des cours du bitcoin, sur les marchés futurs. Le principe est simple : un investisseur peut prendre une option sur l’achat de bitcoins à terme, mais il peut les revendre immédiatement. Il suffit donc pour lui de prendre une option pour les revendre lorsque les cours sont au plus haut. Si au moment de leur paiement à terme le cours du bitcoin a augmenté l’investisseur perd de l’argent, si au contraire le cours baisse, ce dernier réalise une plus-value. D’où les doutes quant aux agissements de certains spéculateurs qui auraient manipulé les cours en les poussant à 20.000 dollars le bitcoin avant de les faire chuter de moitié pour faire d’énormes plus-values. Il semble donc que le marché des cryptomonnaies, nées d’une révolte contre les travers du système bancaire et financier en place, cristallise les travers de celui-ci, mais à plus grande échelle…