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Changement important vers une construction durable: Le 6ème Forum LafargeHolcim se concentre sur «la rematérialisation de la construction» - Algerie360
Plus de 350 des esprits éminents de l’architecture, de l’ingénierie, de la planification et de l’industrie du bâtiment et de la construction se sont réunies pour accélérer leur contribution à la création d’un environnement bâti plus durable. Le Forum LafargeHolcim «Re-matérialiser la construction» a été organisé par l’Université américaine du Caire (AUC), avec des délégués de 55 pays.
Plus de 1 200 personnes ont assisté à la séance d’ouverture du forum sur le campus de la Commission de l’Union africaine. Les délégués ont été accueillis par Khaled Abbas, vice-ministre du Logement (Égypte), et Roland Köhler, président de la Fondation LafargeHolcim (Suisse). Les discours liminaires, les ateliers et les excursions du Forum ont porté sur des stratégies visant à «re-matérialiser» la construction en réduisant la consommation tout au long du cycle de la matière, de l’extraction à la transformation, au transport, à l’installation, à la maintenance et à l’élimination – contribuant à une industrie plus légère.
Les conférenciers présents à la séance d’ouverture ont été mis au défi lors d’une table ronde présidée par Maria Atkinson AM, membre du conseil de fondation, directrice générale fondatrice du Green Building Council of Australia et Alejandro Aravena, architecte associé et directeur exécutif d’Elemental (Chili). Quatre ateliers simultanés avec des contributions de 50 experts de tous les continents et animés par des membres du comité académique de la Fondation ont exploré des sujets liés aux matériaux dans l’industrie de la construction. Les ateliers ont étudié les paradigmes changeants (matériaux pour un monde non encore construit) ; Déplacer les flux, tirer les ficelles (stocks, flux et leur dynamique); Du manuel au numérique et vice versa (digitalisation, labeur et construction); Catch 22 (besoins matériels versus impact matériel).
Des excursions tout au long de la journée sous le thème «Re-matérialiser la construction» ont eu lieu sur des
sites à travers le Caire et ont fourni une contextualisation locale des discussions globales. Les excursions ont
été organisées par les AUC et ont examiné le patrimoine archéologique, les défis liés à l’eau, la nouvelle ville
vernaculaire et les villes du désert.
«Être moins mauvais n’est tout simplement pas suffisant»
Michael Braungart (Allemagne), président de la Cradle-to-Cradle de l’Université Erasmus de Rotterdam, a présenté une note d’optimisme fondée sur son concept fondateur «Cradle-to-Cradle». Il a affirmé la nécessité de s’éloigner radicalement de l’approche de conception qui avait créé le problème. « Si vous perfectionnez le mauvais design, vous vous retrouvez avec un design parfaitement faux », a-t-il déclaré. Il a reçu le prix Catalyst de la Fondation LafargeHolcim, une récompense pour les experts qui ont apporté une contribution substantielle, remarquable et durable à la promotion du développement durable et qui ont tenu à ce qu’il affirme que «être moins mauvais ne suffit tout simplement pas». Le prix a été présenté par Jan Jenisch, PDG de LafargeHolcim.
Rt Hon Simon Upton, Commissaire parlementaire à l’environnement (Nouvelle-Zélande), a résumé le Forum en méditant sur les défis à venir. Il a noté qu’il était difficile à la fois d’expliquer les problèmes complexes de manière simple et de rendre visibles les externalités globales au niveau local.
«Avec si peu de temps, comment pouvons-nous aborder un problème d’une telle complexité et d’une telle
ampleur et ainsi re-matérialiser intelligemment notre économie?» A-t-il demandé.
Intégrer la durabilité même avant le premier croquis
Lord Norman Foster, Président et fondateur de Foster + Partners (Royaume-Uni), a démontré l’interconnexion entre la conception et la sélection des matériaux à l’aide d’exemples de son travail, y compris le siège social à grande échelle du parc d’Apple, en Californie, et du siège européen de Bloomberg à Londres.
Il a également évoqué des travaux à petite échelle, notamment le pôle de montagne Mia Engiadina. En Suisse, elle s’attaque à la migration des jeunes en attirant les industries technologiques des villes. «La durabilité est inséparables de l’énergie et inséparables du processus de recyclage », a-t-il déclaré.
Christine Binswanger, associée principale chez Herzog & de Meuron (Suisse), a exploré les moyens de faire en sorte que les bâtiments présentant une durabilité supérieure obtiennent un soutien public accru. Des projets tels que le Centre REHAB de traumatismes médullaires et cérébraux de Bâle, en Suisse, et le nouvel hôpital universitaire pour enfants de Zurich, en Suisse, illustrent l’approche du «design for adaptability» qui permet d’augmenter la proportion de matériaux utilisés pouvant être modifiés ou réutilisés à l’avenir.
« L’impact visuel est un élément important, mais l’impact social est intrinsèque à la conception durable », a-t-elle déclaré. Anne Lacaton, directrice de Lacaton & Vassal Architectes (France), a montré comment «Jamais démolir, mais toujours transformer» est au cœur du processus de conception de son atelier, y compris le programme de rénovation de plus de 500 logements de la Cité du Grand Parc à Bordeaux, construite à l’origine au début des années 1960. La stratégie de rénovation non seulement prolonge la durée de vie utile du bâtiment, mais offre également de multiples avantages sociaux, esthétiques et économiques. «Le bâtiment existant est le nouveau matériau de construction de demain», a-t-elle déclaré.
Francis Kéré, directeur de Kéré Architecture (Burkina Faso / Allemagne), a abordé le thème du savoir-faire «Embed», notamment à l’aide d’exemples tirés de la construction d’une école à Gando, le village de son enfance au Burkina Faso. Il a plaidé en faveur de l’éducation, de l’apprentissage de l’histoire et de la rendre plus accessible, éléments essentiels du succès. «Nous devons déconstruire les idées préconçues, adopter l’innovation et les matériaux d’origine locale», a-t-il déclaré.
Laila Iskandar, ancienne ministre de la Rénovation urbaine et des établissements informels (Égypte), a présenté un aperçu de la cartographie détaillée du secteur informel des déchets au Caire et a affirmé que les mêmes principes pourraient être appliqués efficacement aux déchets de construction, car les sources peuvent être identifiées. Elle a examiné la manière dont les flux de déchets peuvent être exploités, même s’il était urgent de repenser. «Des ressources précieuses dans les flux de déchets sont en train d’être perdues parce que les systèmes actuels sont conçus pour éliminer les déchets plutôt que pour récolter les matériaux», a-t-elle déclaré.
Mitchell Joachim, professeur d’architecture et de design urbain à l’Université de New York (États-Unis), a présenté une série de projets axés sur la neutralité et visant les déchets dans les villes, la nourriture, l’eau, l’énergie, la qualité de l’air, l’équité et la mobilité. Il a mis en exergue l’importance de permettre au processus de conception de rester dans la pensée innovante, de sensibiliser aux pratiques non durables et aux visions de matériaux de construction, notamment un bâtiment de grande hauteur doté de panneaux muraux en béton qui servent de plaques tournantes au monarque ; papillon en voie d’extinction. «Conception contre l’extinction» ou conception socio-écologique est notre mantra. Mélanger l’ingénierie, la science et le design peut produire des solutions durables, mais c’est l’aspect social qui est tout aussi important », a-t-il déclaré.
La génération suivante partage sa vision de la construction durable Le Forum a également rassemblé des étudiants des principales universités techniques du monde entier associés à la Fondation LafargeHolcim. Ils ont présenté leurs concepts innovants à la hauteur des «enjeux cibles» de la construction durable dans une exposition d’affiches. Les participants du forum ont été invités à voter pour les projets qui les ont le plus inspirés.
Les prix ont été remis aux étudiants de l’Université Iberoamericana (IBERO) à Mexico pour «MEX – Mercado Embarcadero Xochimilco» et «Living Mexico City», ainsi qu’à une équipe de L’Ecole Supérieure d’Architecture au Maroc pour «Insertion d’un cycle de traitement d’eau ». Deux projets ont été salués : le travail d’un étudiant indien de troisième cycle en «Traitement et stockage dans les fermes de la communauté» et d’une équipe de l’Université nationale de Singapour pour «Nourrir la ville».
Publication académique inspirée par le Forum
Ruby Press Berlin publiera The Material Book à la fin de 2019, publication inspirée par le Forum. La publication évaluera les pratiques et les modèles architecturaux actuels et présentera également des matériaux et des méthodes permettant d’optimiser les performances environnementales, sociales et économiques de l’environnement bâti dans le contexte de la «re-matérialisation de la construction».
Des informations détaillées sur le Forum sont disponibles sur www.lafargeholcim-forum.org, y compris des
images haute résolution à télécharger sur www.lafargeholcim-forum.org/images