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Armement : trente ans de compétition entre l'Algérie et le Maroc - Algerie360
Ils accaparent 61 % des importations d’armes en Afrique : l’Algérie (46 %), qui entre en 2016 au top cinq des plus grands importateurs d’armes au monde, et le Maroc (15 %), auront pourtant du mal à maintenir leur effort de guerre
ALGER – Alors qu’elle ne faisait même pas partie du top dix en 2015, l’Algérie est entrée en 2016 à la cinquième place des pays qui importent le plus d’armes au monde, selon le rapport annuel du Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).
Dans un contexte d’achat d’armement à la baisse sur tout le continent africain (- 6, 6 %) entre 2012 et 2016, l’Algérie se détache même nettement en première position avec 46 % de toutes les importations en Afrique, suivie par le Maroc (15 %) et le Nigéria (4, 6 %), les trois pays étant largement fournis par la Russie, qui s’attribue 35 % des exportations d’armes dans la région.
Pour autant, il est exagéré de parler de course à l’armement entre les deux pays car sur le papier, il est difficile de comparer les budgets alloués à l’armée algérienne et marocaine, essentiellement en raison des différences entre les sources d’approvisionnement des deux armées, mais aussi aux différentes péripéties politico-militaires qu’ont connu les deux pays ces trente dernières années.
En nous basant sur les données que fournissent plusieurs ONG ou think tanks comme le SIPRI sur les budgets depuis 1988, on constate par exemple la lente montée en puissance de l’Algérie – qui consacre environ dix milliards de dollars de budget à la Défense – et la constance du budget militaire marocain (d’environ 2 milliards).
L’Algérie consacre environ dix milliards de dollars de budget à la Défense
En analysant les chiffres, on constate qu’entre 1988 et 1991, le Maroc, à l’apogée de sa guerre contre le Polisario au Sahara Occidental, dépensait trois fois plus d’argent pour son armée que l’Algérie. Et pourtant c’est à cette même période que la CIA, dans un mémo récemment déclassifié titré « Maroc : l’austérité et l’armée », largement distribuée aux directeurs de l’agence et aux membres du gouvernement américain, avait prévenu que l’armée marocaine ne pourrait en aucun cas faire face à l’armée algérienne, qui disposait de beaucoup plus d’équipements par ailleurs de meilleure qualité. Pire, ce rapport datant de 1985 insistait sur le piètre état dans lequel se trouvaient les avions, les blindés et l’artillerie des Forces armées royales (FAR) marocaines.
À la fin des années 1980, l’économie algérienne était exsangue et l’État se débattait face aux impératifs de la réforme et de la dette qui rendaient difficile toute projection dans le futur. Le budget alloué au fonctionnement de l’armée tournait autour des 600 millions de dollars, à peine suffisant pour le règlement des soldes des soldats et au maintien en condition opérationnelle des unités.
Effet négatif de la stratégie du mur
Le royaume marocain quant à lui, dépensait un peu moins de deux milliards de dollars, mais croulait sous une dette militaire évaluée à l’époque à une somme presque équivalente qui créait une dépendance envers ses fournisseurs.
C’est justement cette dette et des difficultés économiques du côté marocain, puis le début de la guerre contre le terrorisme en 1992 du côté algérien qui allaient définir les marques des stratégies militaires des deux pays en ce qui concerne leurs achats d’armes.
Même après la signature du cessez-le feu en 1991 avec le Front Polisario (mouvement politique et armé opposé à l’occupation du Sahara occidental), le Maroc a dû maintenir un gros effort militaire dans la région.
La stratégie du mur de protection au Sahara Occidental a eu pour effet négatif la fixation durable d’hommes et d’équipements dans des régions aux conditions difficiles, privant d’une grosse partie des effectifs et de l’armement l’armée régulière dans ses missions classiques, ainsi que le développement des autres corps d’armée en dehors de l’armée de terre.
En maintenant un budget annuel autour de deux milliards de dollars, les Forces armées royales ont été obligées d’explorer d’autres pistes pour maintenir leur effort de guerre et améliorer la qualité de la formation.
Le coût diplomatique et militaire
D’abord, rationnaliser les achats en s’équipant d’armements d’occasion ou provenant des surplus militaires. L’acquisition de plus de 100 automoteurs d’artillerie en provenance de l’armée belge et américaine, d’une centaine de chars T72 biélorusses, de 200 Abrams M1A1 (chars) rénovés après avoir été prélevés des stocks de l’armée américaine jusqu’aux milliers de tenues, casques, armes légères achetés ou laissés gratuitement par les armées invitées lors d’exercices conjoints.
Seconde stratégie pour étoffer l’arsenal des FAR : compter sur la générosité des monarchies du Golfe, qui ont financé l’achat d’une frégate et des chasseurs F16. Mais cela a un coût diplomatique et militaire : le Maroc se retrouve de toutes les coalitions militaires qu’organise l’Arabie saoudite contre Daech en Syrie et contre les Houthis au Yémen, où ils ont perdu un avion.
Enfin, le Maroc compte beaucoup sur ses participations dans des missions à l’étranger, dans ce même cadre de coalitions ou dans celui des missions d’interposition de l’ONU, au Kosovo, en Centre-Afrique et en Côte d’Ivoire par exemple pour à la fois financer son armée et la former en conditions réelles.
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Le fait d’accueillir des exercices internationaux avec des pays comme les États-Unis, la Grande-Bretagne et la Belgique donne l’opportunité aux Marocains de tirer vers le haut le niveau de certaines de ses unités.
Clôture des gros programmes
En Algérie, c’est une toute autre approche qui a été adoptée. Plus de dix ans d’embargo et une surutilisation des équipements dans le cadre de la guerre contre le terrorisme ont durement affecté les stocks d’armes de l’Armée nationale populaire (ANP).
L’embellie financière des années 2000 a permis de rapidement combler le vide et de passer progressivement à une nouvelle stratégie plus ambitieuse consistant à investir sur des capacités d’interdiction aérienne, qui consiste à créer une véritable bulle de défense aérienne, et de projection de forces.
Cette stratégie, née après le choc des deux guerres du Golfe et de la campagne aérienne contre la Libye, devrait permettre à une armée moyenne, comme celle de l’Algérie, de résister à une campagne aérienne d’envergure d’une force coalisée. Cette ambition d’interdiction aérienne s’appuie sur un investissement de plusieurs milliards de dollars dans les derniers systèmes de défense aérienne et de guerre électronique et donc sur des équipements pour le moins dispendieux.
Reste une question : les budgets dans la région pourront-ils être maintenus dans le futur ? Selon un général à la retraite chargé des acquisitions pour l’armée algérienne, « il est possible d’imaginer que la clôture des gros programmes d’équipements ou de rééquipements se fera d’ici trois à cinq ans. Vu que le nombre de militaires algériens n’a pas varié ces dernières années, on assistera donc à une baisse significative des budgets. Les Marocains, au contraire, devraient connaître une évolution de leur budget, mais elle ne sera pas très importante car l’économie du royaume sera incapable de générer autant d’argent. »
L’autre voie qui permet de rationaliser les dépenses tout en continuant à garder un niveau appréciable d’acquisition consiste à privilégier la production militaire locale, ce vers quoi semble se diriger l’armée algérienne ces dernières années, avec par exemple des usines de fabrication mécaniques qui produisent différents blindés et véhicules de transport ou le projet de montage d’hélicoptères en partenariat avec Leonardo (le géant italien de l’armement).