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Ali Hamani, président de l’Association des producteurs de boissons (Apab) : « La hausse de la TVA profite à l’informel » - Algerie360
Dans cet entretien, Ali Hamani passe en revue tous les aspects liés au marché des produits alimentaires, difficiles à contrôler pour l’heure, notamment ceux d’importation. Il s’en explique, de même qu’il s’attarde sur le secteur des boissons, à ses yeux mis en danger par la hausse de la fiscalité.
Reporters : Depuis janvier dernier, le taux normal de la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée (TVA) a grimpé de 2%. Quel en est l’impact sur la filière des boissons ?
Ali Hamani : La problématique posée autour de l’augmentation de la TVA a malheureusement ignoré le marché informel. C’est une taxe qui est payée par le consommateur et connaissant le marché de la distribution, détenu majoritairement par l’informel, cela m’amène à m’interroger sur l’efficience de cette hausse puisque le produit de la taxe va au bénéfice du Trésor public. Or, cette TVA, et par extension l’augmentation qu’elle a connue, va dans la poche des commerçants informels plutôt que dans les caisses de l’Etat. Ce qui est dangereux aussi, c’est qu’en bout de chaîne, chez le détaillant, cette taxe sera appliquée, en augmentant le prix du produit commercialisé, sans être reversée réellement au Trésor. Le problème est là !
Des augmentations anticipées ont été appliquées pour des produits soutenus par l’Etat et dont les prix sont administrés avant même l’adoption de la loi de finances pour 2017. Est-ce que cela ne va pas porter un coup au pouvoir d’achat du consommateur ?
Le pouvoir d’achat sera touché de plein fouet. Il ne faut pas se mentir à nous-mêmes, les commerçants se basent sur les journaux pour appliquer des augmentations de taxes au moment où le Parlement n’a pas encore adopté le projet de loi. En fait, les commerçants appliquent ces augmentations par effet boule de neige ; pour faire comme tout le monde.
Qu’en est-il de la filière des boissons ?
Au début de 2016, il y a eu des augmentations de prix pour les eaux embouteillées dues à l’application de la taxe de 1 DA/litre. Il faut dire que cette augmentation a été en réalité de 5 DA en bout de chaîne en raison de l’absence de monnaie de 1, 2, 3 et 4 DA. Donc, du coup, l’augmentation a été de 5 DA, voire de 10 DA. Pour les autres boissons, il y a eu des augmentations en réponse aux coûts de revient de certaines matières premières, qui ont réagi à la dévaluation du dinar et aux cours internationaux. Ces augmentations sont minimes. Le risque est certain qu’une hausse des prix sera effective car un certain nombre d’intrants seront touchés. Uniquement en matière de transport, il y a déjà une augmentation assez importante. D’autre part, il y a des unités de production qui sont installées dans des régions confrontées à des ruptures d’énergie répétitives, les obligeant à utiliser des groupes électrogènes qui fonctionnent au gasoil. Du coup, toutes ces augmentations vont être répercutées dans le coût de revient du produit. Finalement, la hausse ne sera pas uniquement de 2% de la TVA mais un peu plus.
Officiellement, on parle de « dépréciation » et « l’inflation n’est pas monétaire », selon le vice-gouverneur de la Banque d’Algérie. Vous êtes-vous penché sur cette question ?
C’est du pareil au même ! Qu’on n’essaye pas de jouer sur les mots. La valeur du dinar a baissé par rapport aux devises. C’est de la politique politicienne ! En ce qui nous concerne, nos intrants sont payés en euro. Sa contrepartie en dinar a augmenté, donc le coût de revient aussi, d’autant que nous payons des droits de douanes. Au sein de l’Apab, nous avons milité pour la réduction de la TVA sur les produits de large consommation et de première nécessité. C’est possible ! La question reste posée : est-ce que le produit de la TVA que le consommateur paie est reversé au Trésor avec l’informel ? Non, cela profite au marché informel seul.
Que pensez-vous de la politique fiscale du gouvernement ?
Il a été donné des attributions énormes aux services fiscaux sans donner la possibilité à l’opérateur économique de se soumettre aux règles. Je crains que l’attitude des services des impôts poussera un certain nombre d’opérateurs vers le marché informel. Je peux en témoigner car j’ai assisté au phénomène dans le quartier de Jolie-Vue. Les grossistes fermaient car les services de contrôle étaient de passage. Je parle du formel usant de l’informel et certains n’ont même pas de registre de commerce, même s’ils occupent des locaux. Ce sont ces gens-là qui font du mal à l’économie nationale. Cette loi ne va pas les amener à intégrer le marché formel. Pour amener les opérateurs au formel, il faudra réduire l’impôt. Le prix de vente d’un produit issu du formel doit être inférieur à celui vendu dans l’informel. C’est le seul moyen de le tuer. On ne combat pas l’informel avec des discours, mais avec des actes.
Est-ce que cela ne va pas pousser aussi les producteurs de boissons à utiliser des substitutifs au sucre, un produit dont le prix est administré ?
L’Apab se mobilise et prête attention à ce qui se passe sur le marché. Il y a des situations qu’il faut dénoncer. Je vous cite le cas de deux producteurs qui ont mis sur le marché des eaux de table alors que légalement, ce n’est pas autorisé.
Nous avons donc saisi le ministère du Commerce et celui des Ressources en eau. Les deux usines ont été fermées. C’est ce type d’actions qu’il faudra adopter. Ces producteurs ne sont pas membres de l’Apab. Certains producteurs utilisaient du gaz industriel dans les boissons à la place de gaz alimentaire.
Nous avons fait appel aux associations de protection de consommateurs. Les autorités publiques doivent donner le nom et les marques en infraction au lieu de parler de types de boissons.
Nous donnons la marque, l’adresse et le nom du gérant aux services de contrôle. Même les autorités publiques devraient en faire autant. Le consommateur a le droit de savoir.
Est-ce qu’il existe des normes sur les boissons en Algérie ?
Cela fait partie de nos revendications. Les producteurs de produits alimentaires doivent être soumis aux règles du HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point). Chez nous, on parle d’action volontariste. S’il n’y a pas une obligation légale, les gens ne s’y soumettent pas. Au niveau de l’Association, nous avons produit des règles de bonne fabrication pour inciter les producteurs à se diriger vers le professionnalisme et la qualité. En parallèle, il faudra mettre en place des normes car beaucoup de produits sont importés. Dans ce chapitre, les douanes ont des difficultés à contrôler ces produits en l’absence de réglementation.
N’ayant pas de référence en la matière, ils ne peuvent contrôler. Il existe des laboratoires. Nous avons proposé des sources de financement pour accréditer ces laboratoires avec leurs personnels. Certaines entreprises possèdent des laboratoires super-sophistiqués que l’Etat n’a pas. Nous avons même proposé que ces laboratoires, des privés, soient certifiés par Algerac (Organisme algérien d’accréditation), surtout pour l’export. La loi a été promulguée, il y a trois mois. Nous avons aussi travaillé en collaboration avec le ministère de l’Industrie sur le règlement technique algérien des jus de fruits et des nectars.
Est-ce que les eaux embouteillées sont bien réglementées en Algérie ?
Les eaux embouteillées sont le seul produit alimentaire qui est le mieux réglementé en Algérie. Une réglementation détaillée est en vigueur et le contrôle est rigoureux.
Quel a été l’apport du label « Buvez tranquille » que vous avez récemment lancé ?
Le label aide le consommateur à choisir ses produits. Malheureusement, sur le terrain, certains producteurs ont des réticences à l’utiliser. Le label est la propriété de l’Apab mais son octroi est décidé dans un comité multidisciplinaire indépendant. Ce label signifie que le produit répond à toutes les normes de sécurité alimentaire.
Où en êtes-vous sur le dossier de la réduction du taux de sucre, de sel et de matières grasses dans les produits alimentaires ?
C’est tout un dossier qui a été engagé par le ministère de la Santé et celui du Commerce, sur lequel nous avons été interpellés. C’est une stratégie que l’Etat doit mener avec l’accompagnement des producteurs et les associations de protection de consommateurs. La réduction est progressive. Certains ont proposé de mettre en place des taxes. Cela ne mènera à rien. L’objectif est de réduire les maladies non transmissibles.
Qu’en est-il des les boissons ?
Pour les boissons, il est question de fixer le taux maximal de sucre à 135 grammes par litre dans une première étape. La moyenne sera déterminée grâce à l’étude faite par type de boissons que nous avons réalisée. Dans la deuxième étape, le ministère du Commerce va, de son côté, engager une étude sur l’ingestion des produits contenant ces trois éléments (sucre, sel, matières grasses) sur le marché par rapport à la consommation.
Certains producteurs de boissons utilisent de la pulpe synthétique et des arômes au lieu de fruits. Est-ce une pratique courante ?
Les producteurs sérieux n’utilisent pas ces produits. Nous sommes 45 producteurs au sein de l’Apab avec plus de 85% de parts de marché.
Depuis 2 à 3 ans, nous n’avons enregistré aucun cas d’intoxication. Nous avons demandé aux associations de protection des consommateurs de nous donner la liste des produits nécessaires à mettre sur les étiquettes. Il faudrait un choix des informations à mentionner obligatoirement sur l’emballage. C’est une question d’espace.
La loi existe. Concernant les indications nutritionnelles, nous avons participé à l’élaboration d’un décret dans ce sens qui est en cours de signature.