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Frédérique Devaux Yahi, écrivain et cinéaste, à l'expression: "Les films en tamazight ont beaucoup de succès" - Algerie360
Frédérique Devaux Yahi vient de publier un livre intitulé «De la naissance du cinéma kabyle». Dans cet entretien, elle parle de son livre, du cinéma kabyle et du cinéma amazigh en général. Elle fait un constat et une analyse et évoque les perspectives de ce cinéma qui est en pleine naissance.
L’Expression: Avant de parler de votre livre, pouvez-vous vous présenter à nos lecteurs?
Frédérique Devaux Yahi: Je suis d’origine franco-berbère, par ma mère, d’une part et d’autre part, par ma famille paternelle originaire de Haute Kabylie. En France, j’enseigne le cinéma et l’audiovisuel depuis plus de trente ans – à l’université de Jussieu, la Sorbonne, l’Ecole Louis Lumière- et je suis actuellement Maître de conférences et chercheuse à l’université de Marseille. J’ai réalisé de nombreux films dont l’un raconte mon histoire déchirée entre deux pays. Son titre suffit à donner ma position, y compris quand je vous parle ici. Il s’intitule «Entre deux rives» (2004). Je vis depuis dix ans entre Paris et Bgayet.
Comment est née cette idée d’écrire un ouvrage sur le cinéma amazigh en général et kabyle en particulier?
Pour moi ça a été davantage un désir qu’une idée. J’ai fait faire pendant plusieurs années, des stages à l’université de Bgayet où je transmettais bénévolement l’analyse d’images, la technique et je faisais réaliser des films aux stagiaires. J’ai pris conscience alors de la pénurie d’enseignement esthétique et technique et d’une certaine acculturation face à l’image et aux sons. J’aimais aussi beaucoup les premiers films d’expression amazighe – kabyles, chaouis, algériens ou marocains, en fait, ceux dont je parle dans mon ouvrage – et j’ai eu envie de partager mes connaissances et la manière dont j’appréhendais ces oeuvres, à travers un écrit. Car j’ai le privilège d’une part, d’avoir eu accès à l’enseignement universitaire français dont je suis moi-même un chaînon actif depuis trente ans et plus, et d’autre part, de connaître la culture kabyle, tout en ayant la distance nécessaire par rapport à cette dernière puisque j’ai grandi en France.
Ne pensez-vous pas qu’il est encore prématuré d’écrire un livre sur le cinéma kabyle compte tenu du fait que ce dernier est encore au stade de ses premiers pas et aussi à cause de la pauvre production dans ce domaine?
Ce que vous dites là est effectivement juste vu sous un certain angle et rejoint ce que j’écris moi-même, à savoir qu’il existe des films kabyles et imazighen, mais pas de cinématographie kabyle ou tamazight à proprement parler. C’est pour cela que j’ai axé principalement mon ouvrage autour des trois premiers longs métrages algériens «La Colline oubliée» de Bougermouh, «La Montagne de Baya» de Meddour, «Macahu» de Hadjadj – précédés du court métrage de Cherif Aggoun – «La fin des Djinns». Mon livre est bien sûr un texte, mais aussi un pré-texte pour faire savoir ce qu’en France on ignore, qu’il existe des réalisateurs et des films kabyles et qu’ils peuvent, selon moi prendre place aux côtés des grands auteurs et des classiques de cinéma dans les dictionnaires et autres encyclopédies, plutôt que d’être relayés en annexe, en note, ou carrément oubliés. Il en va de même avec le premier film en langue chaouie de Amor Hakkar, «La Maison jaune», et ceux du pionnier marocain Mohamed Mernich. C’est aussi pour moi une manière de parler positivement de la «Berbérie», à l’encontre de tout ce que l’on entend ou avons entendu et qui tend à minorer les luttes et les réalisations des Imazighen, en les cantonnant à des revendications sans lendemain. Oui, la Kabylie peut être, peut avoir été et sera sans doute le berceau d’oeuvres importantes pour le 7ème art.
Votre livre aborde entre autres les principaux longs métrages réalisés dans les années quatre-vingt-dix et deux mille. Que pensez-vous de la qualité de ces films?
Parler de qualité serait porter un jugement de valeur auquel je me refuse car ce n’est pas mon propos. Mon analyse démontre que la forme de ces films est très classique, mais préserve respectueusement les normes de la société dont ils sont issus, justement pour mieux en combattre les errements, je pourrais même dire les erreurs parfois assassines. Et c’est cela qui m’enthousiasme dans ces films. Les auteurs ont su emprunter des sentes formelles connues de tous pour les mettre au service de leurs propos, ce qui à la fois en facilite la lecture pour tous publics et en même temps s’adresse de manière sensible – je veux dire non visible au premier coup d’oeil – aux populations concernées. C’est sans doute la raison du succès de ces films à leur sortie auprès des Kabyles en particulier, des Imazighen plus généralement. Évidemment, il y a l’usage de la langue du terroir qui permet, même aux illettrés de s’identifier, mais cela dépasse la langue. Les découpages, donc les montages, épousent au plus près les contours et les normes en cours dans la société kabyle. J’ai pris l’exemple du champ/contre champ qui dit sensiblement l’écart entre les deux sexes, ou pré-dit, pré-visualise une future union, voire l’entérine après que la communauté l’eut acceptée.
Dans ce dernier cas, il y a alors une amorce, c’est-à-dire que les deux personnages sont clairement liés dans le plan alors qu’ils étaient jusque-là séparés par le découpage – chacun dans son plan -.Et puis, selon moi, c’est la première fois que les Kabyles proposent enfin une image d’eux-mêmes qui ne soit pas filtrée soit par le pays auquel ils appartiennent, soit comme précédemment par des siècles de colonisation qui ont interdit à tous les Algériens qu’ils soient kabyles ou non, d’avoir une image autogène et surtout juste d’eux-mêmes. Jusque-là, on était soit dans la figuration en arrière-plan, soit dans l’exotisme, soit dans le déni, l’obstruction, l’absence.
Cela explique en grande partie le succès de ces oeuvres à leur sortie dans les salles, y compris dans la communauté kabyle résidant en France. Mon but était donc de toucher deux publics en même temps: ceux qui ne connaissent pas la culture amazighe et qui pourront ainsi avoir une approche même sommaire de ses soubassements et le public qui a cette connaissance du monde amazigh, mais est avide d’acquérir les connaissances de base de l’analyse d’images. C’est le pari que je me suis donné, j’espère y avoir au moins partiellement, réussi. L’avenir nous le dira.
Votre livre aborde aussi le cinéma amazigh au Maroc, pouvez-vous nous en parler?
Algérie et Maroc sont étroitement liés au niveau des revendications concernant l’amazighté, et cela touche également la réalisation de films en langue maternelle. Je parle en effet du pionnier Mohamed Mernich qui a réalisé les deux premiers longs métrages en auto-production et en format professionnel. Il s’agit de «Tilila» (Secours, sauvetage, 2005) et «Tamzirt» ufella (Le pays d’en haut, 2008) – les titres sont les traductions issues du berbère marocain, même si en kabyle, nous aurions traduit un peu différemment.
Comme l’ont fait à leur manière les trois auteurs kabyles algériens (Bougermouh, Meddour et Hadjadj) dix ans avant lui, Mernich décrit le quotidien des populations berbères marocaines. Elles sont à la fois avides de changements, disons d’évolution dans les normes contraignantes, parfois sans fondement objectif, de ces contrées, et respectueuses des coutumes qu’elles veulent préserver, en particulier contre un pseudo-modernisme et une tout aussi illusoire rentabilité. Il existe également un cinéma amazigh au Maroc, bien sûr.
La production en général dans ce pays n’est toutefois pas comparable avec celle de l’Algérie. Les Marocains ont des espaces de formation à l’image, ils ont peu à peu introduit des avancées structurelles dans la production du cinéma berbère, ce que nous n’avons pas en Algérie, c’est vrai. Mais tout n’est pas rose non plus, il reste un long chemin avant de pouvoir écrire une histoire du cinéma amazigh marocain qui n’en est lui aussi qu’à ses balbutiements.
Dans le contexte du manque de production cinématographique en Algérie et du manque d’affluence sur les salles de cinéma en Algérie, comment pourrait se présenter l’avenir du cinéma amazigh, ces données ne peuvent-elles pas pousser à un certain pessimisme même si par ailleurs la langue amazighe vient d’être reconnue comme langue officielle?
Je ne suis ni optimiste ni pessimisme. Je reste réaliste. Voyageant beaucoup, je me rends compte que les questions posées par l’avenir du cinéma amazigh sont identiques à celles associées à d’autres cinémas minoritaires. Mais c’est également le cinéma qui est en péril, la notion de création (toujours liée à celle de valeurs).
Chacun peut désormais prétendre faire un film (en vidéo et rarement sur pellicule) quand les lieux de diffusion disparaissent peu à peu, relayés par les petits écrans, YouTube et toutes autres formes de diffusion. Cela signifie que quelqu’un qui a vraiment quelque chose à dire peut s’exprimer et être rapidement entendu. Ce qui nous manque sans doute en Algérie, ce ne sont ni les supports ni les modes de diffusion, mais un message fort qui puisse rallier les forces et les élans des Imazighen, comme l’ont fait à leur niveau et en prenant des risques, les trois auteurs que j’ai voulu faire sortir de la pénombre pour donner à entendre que l’avenir appartient à ceux qui ont une parole à partager.