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19 mai 1956 : Quand les étudiants rejoignaient en masse les "djebels" - Algerie360
La grève générale du 19 mai 1956, déclenchée à l’initiative de la section d’Alger de l’Union Générale des Etudiants Musulmans Algériens (UGEMA), a été une preuve, s’il en fallait encore une, de l’engagement massif des étudiants Algériens pour la cause nationale indépendantiste.
Bien qu’il ait existé des réticents parmi eux, il n’en reste pas moins que beaucoup d’entre eux ont rejoint le Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) et son bras armé, l’Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN). D’ailleurs, la lutte des étudiants, depuis la création du mouvement nationaliste en 1926, s’inscrivait en parfaite symbiose avec les revendications du mouvement national. En effet, dans les années 1920 et 1930, les étudiants Algériens avaient créé respectivement l’Association des Etudiants Musulmans d’Afrique du Nord (AEMAN) et l’Association des Etudiants Musulmans nord-africains (AEMNA).
Toutefois, l’existence de plusieurs partis a fait que chaque parti nationaliste avait ses militants et sympathisants parmi les étudiants. D’où l’existence de plusieurs associations estudiantines.
Cependant, le combat politique ne pouvant conduire le peuple algérien à son émancipation, les militants nationalistes avaient opté, deux ans plus tôt, pour la lutte armée. Et dans ce contexte, toutes les organisations algériennes ont été invitées à rejoindre le front de libération. Sous la houlette d’Abane Ramdane, tous les partis algériens, ayant existé avant 1954, ont accepté de rejoindre individuellement le FLN et l’ALN. Tout compte fait, les dirigeants du front avaient indubitablement besoin des étudiants pour participer à l’organisation et à l’encadrement de la lutte. C’est dans ces conditions qu’a eu lieu, le 8 juillet 1955, le congrès constitutif de l’UGEMA en vue d’unifier les syndicats estudiantins. D’ailleurs, la présidence est revenue à Ahmed Taleb El Ibrahimi, de l’association des Ulémas. Ainsi, tout en gardant un lien étroit avec le FLN, l’UGEMA a mené un combat sans discontinu, aux côtés des syndicats internationaux, pour que le peuple algérien recouvre son indépendance.
Itinéraire des étudiants et de leur syndicat pendant la guerre
Dix mois après la création de l’UGEMA, les dirigeants ont invité leurs camarades, inscrits à l’université d’Alger et ailleurs, à boycotter les cours et les examens. Ainsi, les universitaires algériens, mais aussi les lycéens, rejoignaient sans réticence les maquis pour lutter contre le joug colonial, imposé injustement au peuple algérien. D’emblée, l’appel du 19 mai a souligné qu’ « avec un diplôme en plus, nous ne ferons pas de meilleurs cadavres ! » A quoi serviraient-ils, a-t-on argué, ces diplômes qu’on continue à nous offrir pendant que notre peuple lutte héroïquement. En outre, l’appel a suggéré la voie à suivre en notant à juste titre : « Nous observons, tous, la grève immédiate des cours et des examens et pour une durée illimitée. Il faut déserter les bancs de l’université pour le maquis. »
Par ailleurs, une semaine plus tard, le comité directeur de l’UGEMA, dont le siège se trouvait à Paris, a exhorté, à son tour, les étudiants algériens en France, au Maroc et en Tunisie à adhérer au mouvement lancé par la section d’Alger. Au même moment, les étudiants, établis en Algérie, ont pris le chemin du maquis. Pour ces derniers, le rôle qui leur a été assigné était celui de renforcer l’organisme politique, le FLN. Cet apport a été, bien entendu, bien accueilli par les dirigeants du FLN. En revanche, la puissance coloniale qui tablait sur la compréhension des universitaires algériens en vue d’une éventuelle coopération a été vite déçue. C’était en effet un pari insensé dans la mesure où les étudiants étaient pour la plupart acquis, depuis au moins les événements de mai 1945, au combat nationaliste. Bien que la scolarisation, dans les années de colonisation, ait été réservée à certaines familles préconisant l’assimilation, il en reste pas moins que leur progéniture avait une conscience nationaliste précoce. D’ailleurs, plusieurs étudiants et lycéens avaient quitté, suite aux événements de Sétif et de Guelma, les bancs de l’école pour militer au sein du principal parti nationaliste le Parti du Peuple Algérien (PPA) et ensuite le Mouvement pour le Triomphe des Libertés Démocratiques (MTLD). Ainsi, anticolonialiste, l’étudiant se trouvait du coup comme un poisson dans l’eau aux côtés des maquisards de l’ALN. Et l’organisation à laquelle elle appartenait, l’UGEMA en l’occurrence, s’est assignée quelques objectifs dont :
― La proclamation de l’indépendance du peuple algérien ;
― La libération de tous les patriotes emprisonnés ;
― Des négociations avec le Front de Libération Nationale.
Toutefois, l’engagement de l’UGEMA a été aperçu positivement par les congressistes de la Soummam, le 20 août 1956. En effet, dans le texte soummamien, le rôle des universitaires a été mis en exergue et souligné en notant que « Le FLN devra assigner aux étudiants et étudiantes, d’une manière rationnelle, des taches précises dans les domaines où ils peuvent rendre le mieux service : politique, administratif, culturel, économique, etc. » Et en signe de reconnaissance, l’étudiant Brahim Chargui a été nommé à la direction de la Zone Autonome d’Alger (ZAA), créée à l’issue du congrès.
Cependant, bien que la mission ait été périlleuse, les étudiants en France ont été chargés d’expliquer au milieu ouvrier, désorienté par le Mouvement National Algérien (MNA), mouvement concurrent créé par Messali Hadj, que le FLN se battait pour la libération nationale sans qu’il y ait la moindre compromission avec la France. Sur le sol hexagonal, le président de l’UGEMA a rejoint la direction de la fédération de France. Cependant, sur le plan international, l’UGEMA devait mener le combat sur trois fronts : l’anticolonialisme, l’indépendance et l’action. Pour ce faire, l’UGEMA a défini sa politique en la clarifiant : « Notre but était clair : informer, expliquer la tragique réalité algérienne, démystifier le monde étudiant qui distingue mal la France culturelle de la France colonialiste, gagner les sympathies à notre juste cause, obtenir l’engagement concret de la communauté étudiante mondiale dans la lutte que nous menons. » Cet engagement a été chèrement payé. Du côté colonial, les étudiants subissaient, durant toute la période de la guerre, les arrestations, les procès voire les liquidations physiques. Mais grâce à la mobilisation, ces abus ont été sus par la communauté internationale du fait de la campagne menée par l’UGEMA auprès de l’Union Internationale des Etudiants (UIE). Du côté algérien, l’intoxication des maquis par les services psychologiques ont semé le doute chez certains maquisards. Le capitaine Paul Alain Léger et le colonel Godard ont inventé l’infiltration et la manipulation dans le but de déstabiliser l’ALN. Cette tactique, qui a déclenché la terrible vague de « bleuite », a causé la disparition d’un nombre considérable des étudiants.
Pour conclure, on peut dire que les étudiants algériens ont été à la hauteur des attentes placées en eux. Bien qu’ils aient rompu la grève, pour la rentrée 1957-1958, les étudiants ont poursuivi leur combat de mobilisation de l’opinion internationale. Toutefois, l’indépendance apparaissant inéluctable, les responsables du FLN ont envoyé nombre d’entre eux vers des facultés européennes et maghrébines pour former les cadres susceptibles d’assumer des responsabilités dans l’Algérie indépendante. D’ailleurs, dans son message au IV congrès de l’UGEMA, Ferhat Abbas, président du GPRA, a admis ceci : « En six ans, la Révolution algérienne a formé parmi vous plus de techniciens que le régime colonial n’en a formé en 130 ans d’occupation. » En somme, lors des négociations franco-algériennes, plusieurs militants de l’UGEMA ont représenté le peuple algérien lors des pourparlers ayant abouti le 18 mars 1962 au cessez-le-feu.
Ait Benali Boubekeur